1. In general stress in a material can be defined by three normal stresses and three shear stresses. For many cases we can simplify to three stress components. If no stresses act on the outside surfaces we call the state of stress plane stress. In this case we can treat the problem in 2 dimensions. To determine the maximum normal and shear stresses it is necessary that we can transform stresses from one co-ordinate system to another.

2. To transform stress from one orientation to another we need to take into account 1)magnitude of each stress 2)orientation of each stress 3)the orientation of each area the stress acts on So the transformation is similar to that used for force components but is a little more involved.

3. Take sectionsDraw the free body diagram Force equilibrium

4. The state of plane stress at a point on the surface of the airplane fuselage is represented on the element oriented as shown in the figure. Represent the state of stress at the point on an element that is oriented 30° clockwise from the position. Step 1Take sections

5. A B Step 2Draw the two free body diagrams.

6. A B Step 3Force Equilibrium for A

7. A B

8. A B

9. General Equations of Plane-Stress Transformation

10. B Step 3Force Equilibrium for A

11. Answer

12. Graph showing the variation of normal stress and shear stress with angle. The principal in-plane stresses are the maximum and minimum stresses. These will occur at the maxima and minima of the curve.

13. The magnitude and direction of the principal stresses can therefore be defined as a circle.

14. Mohr’s circle can be used as a graphical technique to transform stress and/or strain. Stress transformations Combine and add Circle with radius R

15. Christian Otto Mohr (October 8, 1835 - October 2, 1918) was a German civil engineer, one of the most celebrated of the nineteenth century.October 81835October 21918 Germancivil engineernineteenth century Starting in 1855, his early working life was spent in railroad engineering for the Hanover and Oldenburg state railways, designing some famous bridges and making some of the earliest uses of steel trusses.1855railroadHanoverOldenburg bridgessteeltrusses Even during his early railway years, Mohr's interest had been attracted by the theories of mechanics and the strength of materials, and in 1867, he became professor of mechanics at Stuttgart Polytechnic and, in 1873, at Dresden Polytechnic. Mohr had a direct and unpretentious lecturing style that was popular with his students.strength of materials1867professorStuttgartPolytechnic 1873Dresden Mohr was an enthusiast for graphical tools and developed the method, for visually representing stress in three dimensions, previously proposed by Carl Culmann. In 1882, he famously developed the graphical method for analysing stress known as Mohr's circle and used it to propose an early theory of strength based on shear stress.stressCarl Culmann1882Mohr's circlestrengthshear stress

16. Constructing Mohr’s Circle 1)Co-ordinate system with normal stress +ve to right and shear stress +ve down 2)Using the sign convention shown plot the center of the circle C at the average normal stress on the x axis 3)Plot a reference point at  x  xy – this represents  =0 4)Connect A with C and determine the radius. 5)Draw the circle

19. Principle stresses are at B and D  p is measured counter-clockwise from AC to BC & DC  s is measured clockwise from AC to EC or FC