1. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1 Chapter 6 Memory

2. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 2 Chapter Preview The nature of memory Memory encoding Memory storage Memory retrieval Forgetting Tips from the science of memory—for studying and for life

3. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 3 Memory Retention of information or experience over time Processes: Encoding – processing info into memory Storage – retention of info over time Retrieval – process of getting info out of memory

4. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 4 Memory Encoding Process by which information enters memory storage Automatically With effort Attention Levels of processing Elaboration Use of mental imagery

5. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 5 Attention To begin memory encoding, must pay attention to information Selective attention Focusing on specific aspects Limitation of brain’s resources Divided attention Attending to several things simultaneously

6. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 6 Attention Sustained attention (vigilance) Attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time Multi-tasking – dividing attention among three or more activities

7. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 7 Processing Levels of processing – a continuum from shallow processing to deep processing Deeper processing produces better memories

8. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 8 Elaboration Number of different connections made Self Reference – relating material to you own experiences (very effective technique!) Evident in physical activity of brain

9. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 9 Use of Mental Imagery Powerful encoding tool Verbal code Image code Dual-code hypothesis Memory for pictures better than memory for words Pictures stored as both image codes and verbal codes

10. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 10 Memory Storage How information is: Retained over time Represented in memory Atkinson-Shiffrin theory Sensory Memory A few items A few seconds Short-Term / Working Memory 5 – 9 Items 20 to 30 seconds Long -Term Memory No limits!

11. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 11 Figure 6.5 - Atkinson and Shiffrin’s Theory of Memory

12. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 12 Sensory Memory Holds information in sensory form for an instant Echoic memory Auditory sensory memory Retained for up to several seconds Iconic memory Visual sensory memory Retained for only about ¼ second

13. Was she attractive? What was he/she wearing? What color was it? What color was his/her hair? How long was it? Anything in it? Was she mean or nice? What was his/her facial expression? What color were his/her eyes? What was he/she carrying? Sensory Memory allows us to make snap interpretations of what we see

15. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15 Short-Term Memory Limited-capacity (7±2 items) Information retained for up to 30 seconds, without strategies to retain it longer Chunking Grouping information into higher-order units Rehearsal Conscious repetition of information

17. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 17 Short-Term Memory Two ways to improve short term memory Chunking Grouping information into higher-order units 1,8,1,2,1,7,7,6,1,9,4,1,1,4,9,2 1812, 1776, 1941, 1492 Rehearsal Conscious repetition of information

18. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 18 Working Memory Alternative approach to explaining short-term memory Combining short term memory and attention to perform cognitive tasks Brain manipulates & assembles info to guide understanding, decision making, & problem solving

19. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 19 Working Memory Three-part system to hold information temporarily Phonological loop Briefly stores speech-based information Visuo-spatial working memory Stores visual and spatial information Central executive Integrates information

20. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 20 Figure 6.8 - Baddeley’s View of Working Memory

21. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 21 Long-Term Memory Relatively permanent memory Stores huge amounts of information for long time Explicit memory Implicit memory

22. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 22 Explicit (Declarative) Memory Conscious recollection of information that can be verbally communicated Permastore content Learning that appears to be with a person forever Episodic memory Autobiographical information Semantic memory Knowledge about the world

23. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 23 Figure 6.11 - Some Differences Between Episodic and Semantic Memory

24. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24 Implicit (Nondeclarative) Memory Nonconscious recollection of skills and sensory perceptions Procedural memory Memory for skills Classical conditioning Memory for associations between stimuli Priming Activation of information already in storage

25. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 25 Memory: Organization Schema Preexisting mental concept to organize and interpret information Script Schema for an event Connectionism (parallel distributed processing) Memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons

26. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26 Memory: Location Neurons Memory located in specific circuits of neurons Neurotransmitters play a role in forging connections Long-term potentiation Simultaneous activation of neurons strengthens memory

27. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 27 Memory: Location Brain structures Explicit memory Hippocampus, temporal lobes, limbic system (amygdala) Implicit memory Cerebellum, temporal lobes, hippocampus

28. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 28 Figure 6.12 – Structures of the Brain Involved in Different Aspects of Long-Term Memory

29. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29 Memory: Retrieval When information retained in memory comes out of storage Serial position effect Tendency to recall items at beginning and end of lists Primacy effect Better recall for items at beginning of list Recency effect Better recall for items at end of list

30. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 30 Memory: Retrieval Factors Retrieval cues Retrieval task Recall Memory task to retrieve previously learned information Recognition Memory task to identify, or recognize, learned items

31. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 31 Memory: Retrieval Encoding specificity principle Information present at time of learning tends to be effective as retrieval cue Context-dependent memory Remembering better when attempting to recall information in same context in which it was learned

32. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32 Memory: Retrieval Autobiographical memories Special form of episodic memory containing recollections of own life experiences

33. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33 Figure 6.15 - The Three-Level Hierarchical Structure of Autobiographical Memory

34. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34 Memory: Retrieval Flashbulb memory Emotionally significant events Recalled with vivid imagery Memory for traumatic events May contain inaccuracies

35. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 35 Memory: Retrieval Repressed memories Defense mechanism by which person, traumatized by an event, forgets it – and then forgets act of forgetting May be special case of motivated forgetting

36. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 36 Eyewitness Testimony May contain errors Memory for emotional events Focus on: Distortion Bias Inaccuracy

37. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 37 Figure 6.16 - Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve

38. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 38 Forgetting Encoding failure Not ‘forgotten’ but, never encoded Information never entered into long-term memory Retrieval failure Forgotten information

39. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 39 Forgetting: Interference Forgetting because other information gets in way of remembering Proactive interference Material learned earlier disrupts retrieval of material learned later Retroactive interference Material learned later disrupts retrieval of material learned earlier

40. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 40 Figure 6.18 - Proactive and Retroactive Interference

41. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 41 Forgetting Decay Neurochemical memory ‘trace’ disintegrates over time Cannot, alone, explain forgetting Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon (TOT state) Confident of knowing something but unable to retrieve it from memory

42. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 42 Prospective Memory Remembering information about future events Includes timing and content Time-based prospective memory Intention to engage in behavior after passage of time

43. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 43 Prospective Memory Event-based prospective memory Intention to engage in behavior when some external event elicits it

44. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 44 Amnesia Loss of memory Anterograde amnesia Disorder that affects retention of new information Retrograde amnesia Memory loss for a segment of past, but not for new events

45. © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 45 Applying Memory Tips To your studies: Organize Encode Rehearse Retrieve To your life: Autobiographical memory and the life story Generative (vs. contamination) life stories