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Published byHortense Francis Modified over 9 years ago
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HUH? : WHEN MEMORY LAPSES
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Hermann Ebbinghaus tested memory Created Forgetting Curve: graphs retention and forgetting over time Showed steep drop in retention within hours of learning EBBINGHAUS’S FORGETTING CURVE
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Retention: proportion of material retained 3 principle methods for measuring forgetting: recall, recognition, and relearning MEASURING FORGETTINGFORGETTING
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DEF: requires subjects to reproduce info on their own w/o any cues RECALL
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DEF: requires subjects to select previously learned info from any array of options Yield higher scores than recall RECOGNITION
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DEF: requires a subject to memorize info a 2 nd time to determine how much time or effort is saved by having learned it before Compare time spent learning the 1 st time with time spent learning same material a 2 nd time RELEARNING
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Pseudoforgetting—due to ineffective encoding (penny test) Decay theory: forgetting occurs b/c memory traces fade with time Interference theory: people forget info b/c of competition from other material 2 types of interference: 1) retroactive interference: when new info impairs the retention of previously learned info 2) proactive interference: when previously learned info interferes w/retention of new info WHY WE FORGET
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Retrieval failure Encoding specificity principle: the value of a retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code Transfer appropriate processing: occurs when the initial processing of info is similar to the type of processing required by the subsequent measure of retention Motivated forgetting: tendency to forget things one doesn’t want to think about Freud called this Repression: keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious WHY WE FORGET CONTINUED
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IN SEARCH OF THE MEMORY TRACE: THE PHYSIOLOGY OF MEMORY
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Specific memories may depend on biochemical changes at specific synapses (alterations in synaptic transmission) Neurotransmitters may help with storage of new info BIOCHEMISTRY OF MEMORY
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Memories may create unique, reusable neural pathways Long-term pontentiation: a long lasting increase in neural excitability at synapses along a specific neural pathway NEURAL CIRCUITRY OF MEMORY
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Studies in organic amnesia give clues 2 basic types of amnesia: 1)Retrograde: loss of memories for events that occurred prior to the onset of amnesia 2)Anterograde: loss of memories for events that occur after the onset of amnesia Studies in amnesia have shown the hippocampal region is critical for LTM and Consolidation: a hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of info into durable memory codes stored in LTM ANATOMY OF MEMORY
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ARE THERE MULTIPLE MEMORY SYSTEMS?
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Implicity memory: type of memory apparent when retention is exhibited on a task that does not require intentional remembering Explicit memory: intentional recollection of previous experiences IMPLICIT VS. EXPLICIT MEMORY
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Declarative memory system: handles factual information Procedural memory system: houses memory for actions, skills, operations, and conditioned responses DECLARATIVE VS. PROCEDURAL MEMORY
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Episodic memory system: made up of chronological, or temporally dated, recollections of personal experiences Semantic memory system: contains general knowledge that is not tied to the time when the info was learned SEMANTIC VS. EPISODIC MEMORY
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Prospective memory: involves remembering to perform actions in the future Retrospective memory: remembering events from the past or previously learned info PROSPECTIVE VS. RETROSPECTIVE MEMORY
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