1. Protocol Headers 0x0800 Internet Protocol, Version 4 (IPv4) 0x0806 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) 0x8100 IEEE 802.1Q-tagged frame 0x86DD Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) 0x8847 MPLS unicast 0x8848 MPLS multicast 1: Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) 2: Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) 6: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 17: User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 89: Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) PreDASA Ether Type 0800h … versionH L Protocol 6TCP HeaderDataFCS Data Link HeaderIP HeaderTCP Header Trailer …

2. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) allows for testing and troubleshooting of the TCP/IP internet layer by defining messages that can be used to determine whether the network can currently deliver packets ICMP is a required component of every IP implementation Excerpt from RFC 792: Occasionally a gateway or destination host will communicate with a source host, for example, to report an error in datagram processing. For such purposes this protocol, the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), is used. ICMP uses the basic support of IP as if it were a higher level protocol; however, ICMP is actually an integral part of IP, and must be implemented by every IP module

3. ICMP

4. ICMP Header

5. ICMP Type Code Meaning 0 0 echo reply 3 0 network is unreachable 3 1 host is unreachable 3 3 port is unreachable 4 0 source quench 5 0 redirect 8 0 echo request 11 0 time exceed

6. ICMP Type 3: Destination Unreachable

8. Transport Layer Role and Services

10. Supporting Reliable Communication

11. Transport Layer Role and Services

13. Segments in the transport layer and how segments can be marked for reassembly

14. Application and Operation of TCP Mechanisms How the TCP reliability mechanism works as part of a session

15. Application and Operation of TCP Mechanisms

16. TCP Connections and Port Numbers Two host applications using TCP must establish a TCP connection before data can flow The connection establishment process essentially initializes the source and destination ports, as well as the Sequence and Acknowledgement fields In the connection establishment phase, the two hosts select port numbers, select the Sequence and Acknowledgement fields, and use TCP code bits to identify the messages in the three-way handshake for connection establishment

17. Transmission Control Protocol

18. TCP Connections and Port Numbers First, for port numbers, the server must already be listening for connection requests from clients, with those requests being to a particular well-known port—in this case, HTTP port 80. (Well- known ports are listed at http://www.iana.org) The client picks a currently unused port number to use as the source port, typically a value of 1024 or greater The TCP header includes several 1-bit fields, called code bits or flags, that are used for a variety of purposes The SYN and ACK flags identify segments as either the first or second in a new TCP connection: a segment with just the SYN flag set is the first segment in a new connection, and a segment with both SYN and ACK set is the second segment in a new connection Flags allow hosts to easily recognize new connection requests.

19. TCP Connections and Port Numbers The initial sequence numbers can be set to any valid value, and often are not set to 0 Using these fields, happens independently in both directions So, the first segment in the three-way handshake of Figure sets the left-to-right sequence number; the second segment sets the right-to-left sequence number and also acknowledges the first segment; and the third segment acknowledges the right- to-left sequence number Connection termination can be accomplished in one of several ways In most benign cases a four-segment flow, as shown in the bottom half of Figure, with the ACK and FIN flags being used

20. Application and Operation of TCP Mechanisms

21. Managing TCP Sessions Sequence numbers are used to reconstruct the data stream with segments placed in the correct order

22. Managing TCP Sessions Sequence numbers and acknowledgement numbers are used to manage exchanges in a conversation

23. Managing TCP Sessions 1 - 1500

24. UDP Protocol

25. Reassembling PDUs at the destination device, not possible

26. UDP Protocol

27. TCP/IP Application Layer Protocols

29. Transmission Control Protocol