1. Reproductive Systems
Chapter 16

2. Male Reproductive System
bladder
seminal vesicle
vas deferens
prostate gland
bulbourethral gland
urethra
epididymis
scrotum
testis
penis

3. Semen = Sperm + Secretions
Secretions from epididymis aid sperm maturation
Seminal vesicle secretes fructose and prostaglandins
Prostate-gland secretions buffer pH in the acidic vagina
Bulbourethral gland secretes mucus

4. Prostate Cancer Second leading cause of death in American men
Detection
Digital rectal exam by physician
Blood tests for prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a tumor marker

5. Testicular Cancer About 5,000 U.S. cases per year
Can be detected by self exam
Men should check testes monthly
Check for hardening, lumps
Changes should be reported to physician

6. Spermatogenesis
Spermatogonium (2n) divides by mitosis to form primary spermatocyte (2n)
Meiosis produces haploid spermatids
Spermatids mature to become sperm

7. Other Testicular Cells
Sertoli cells
Line the seminiferous tubules
Nourish the developing sperm
Leydig cells
Lie between the seminiferous tubules
Secrete testosterone

8. Male Hormonal Control Hypothalamus GnRH Inhibin Anterior Pituitary FSH
Leydig cells
Sertoli cells
Testes
Testosterone
Formation and Development of Sperm

9. Female Reproductive Organs
ovary
ovary
oviduct
uterus
uterus
oviduct
vagina
clitoris
vagina

10. Menstrual Cycle
The fertile period for a human female occurs on a cyclic basis
Menstrual cycle lasts about 28 days
Follicular phase and luteal phase

11. Oocytes Arrested in Meiosis I
Girl is born with primary oocytes already in ovaries
Each oocyte has entered meiosis I and stopped
Meiosis resumes, one oocyte at a time, with the first menstrual cycle

12. Menarche to Menopause
First menstruation, or menarche, usually occurs between ages 10-16
Menstrual cycles continue until menopause, in a woman’s late 40s or early 50s

13. Ovarian Cycle Follicle grows and matures Ovulation occurs
secondary oocyte
Ovarian Cycle
first polar body
Follicle grows and matures
Ovulation occurs
Corpus luteum forms
antrum
corpus luteum
primordial follicle

14. Female Hormonal Control
Hypothalamus
GnRH
Rising estrogen stimulates surge in LH
Anterior Pituitary
Progesterone,
estrogens LH
FSH
Ovary
Follicle growth,
oocyte maturation
Estrogen
Corpus luteum
forms

15. hypothalamus
GnRH
Cycle Overview
anterior pituitary
FSH LH
FSH LH
GnRH secretion affects LH and FSH secretion by pituitary
LH and FSH affect follicle maturation
Estrogen and progesterone from ovary affect uterus
FSH LH LH
ovulation
estrogens
estrogens
progesterone
estrogens
menstruation
FOLLICULAR PHASE
LUTEAL PHASE

16. Ejaculation
Involuntary contractions in smooth muscle of male reproductive tract force sperm from epididymides and contents of seminal vesicles and prostate gland out through urethra
Sphincter closes off the neck of the bladder to prevent escape of urine

17. Prevent fertilization
Birth Control Options
Prevent fertilization
Prevent ovulation
Block implantation

18. Reproductive Options Artificial insemination
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection
GIFT (gamete intrafallopian transfer)
ZIFT (zygote intrafallopian transfer)

19. Abortion Removal of blastocyst, embryo, or fetus
First trimester abortions are painless, and relatively complication free
Later abortions are more difficult and more controversial