1. Chapter 14 “The Age of Nation States”
AP EUROPEAN HISTORY
MR. RICK PURRINGTON
MARSHALL HIGH SCHOOL

2. I. Liberalism in 19th C Ru A. Ru’s Social Structure 1
I. Liberalism in 19th C Ru A. Ru’s Social Structure 1. boyars = landowning elites 2. serfs = unpaid labor a) peasants, servants, even some factory workers B. Tsars Nicholas I – “the savior of absolutism” a) Crimean War - Ru vs.Ot - Fr + Br join Ot - Au + Pr neutral - Ru - Poorly equipped, disorganized troops - image of invincible Ru crushed - defeat for Ru = wake-up call

3. Map 22–1 The Crimean War Although named after the Crimean Peninsula, the Crimean War was actually fought across the entire northern and eastern coasts of the Black Sea.

4. – Alexander II - “tsar liberator” serfs are freed but remain poor - welcomes industrialization – terrorists “The People’s Will” assassinate Alexander II

5. 3. Alexander III - the return of repression
- all critics sent to Siberia
- Russification, Anti-Semitism
- industrialization = Marxist ideas become popular

6. “Italy is simply a geographical expression.”
Klemens von Metternich
“I have discovered the art of deceiving diplomats. I tell them the truth and they never believe me.”
Count Cavour, Italian Nationalist

8. II. Nationalism in U. S. , Italy, and G A. United States 1
II. Nationalism in U.S., Italy, and G A. United States 1. By 1860, Nationalism dividing country (N&S) B. Italy 1. Sardinia – King Victor Emmanuel and Count Cavour = similar to N III politically, want Italian unification 2. Papal States and RCC – against unification – N III and Sardinia alliance coaxes Au into war over Lombardy 4. N III abandons alliance 5. Cavour in North Italy, Giuseppe Garibaldi in South work to unite all of Italy 6. By 1870, Italian city-states unify constitutional monarchy under Sardinian Victor Emmanuel

9. Monument to Victor Emmanuel, Rome

11. ullstein bild/The Granger Collection, NYC— All rights reserved
William I, the new emperor of Germany, lays the cornerstone of the Reichstag (German parliament) building in Berlin. Although William I was head of state, it is Bismarck who stands out, as usual, in his white uniform.
ullstein bild/The Granger Collection, NYC— All rights reserved

12. C. Germany
1. Au/Pr rivalry and competition for power
a) Zollverein – G city-states economic union, Au not included
b) Pr- industrialization = middle class growing
2. Influenced by Italian unification

13. 3. Otto von Bismarck (OvB) named prime minister of Pr by Kaiser (King) William I of Pr
- OvB doesn’t have to work w/Pr parliament
- OvB orders new taxes, huge military
- OvB criticizes Au, gains favor w/S G city states
OvB wins Au/Pr war over Schleswig- Holstein
North German Confederation is created
- N + S G hesitant to unify (Prot vs RCC diff)
- OvB starts Fr/Pr war, gets S G support
- Pr wins, N III captured, Alsace-Lorraine to Pr
- Fr humiliated, angered, vengeful
OvB genius, invincible Pr army
= G nationalism, unification, POWER!

14. Europe after G Unification in 1871

15. Chapter 16 “Toward the Modern World”
AP EUROPEAN HISTORY
MR. RICK PURRINGTON
MARSHALL HIGH SCHOOL

17. Rise of Public Education
A Mandatory elementary school in most of Eu
B – 85% literacy in W Eu, 60% in E Eu
Evolution
A. On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin
1. formulates principle of natural selection, which explained how species evolved over time
2. survival of the fittest
3. To some, theory undermines the existence of God
B. Descent of Man by Charles Darwin
1. Darwin applies principle of evolution to human beings
C. Social Darwinism
1. applying Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” to human society and competition between nations