1. MAKING THE PEACE Armistice: agreement to end fighting
Mandates: territories that were administered by the western powers
Divided up land
Reparations: Payments for war damage
The Allies insisted that the losers make reparations – the Central Powers viewed their armistice as a cease-fire, not a surrender

2. COSTS OF WAR U.S. had greatest impact on the outcome of World War I
In 1918, Europe was in ruins
Costs of World War I:
Civilian + Military casualties = 37 million (37,000,000)
financial burden of reconstruction of almost all of Europe – war debts
governments in Russia, Austria-Hungary, Germany, and the Ottoman empire had collapsed
colonies saw that Europe was weak and were ready to fight for independence
Conservatives feared the spread of communism would happen in the chaotic climate after the war.

3. PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE
George (Britain), Orlando (Italy), Clemenceau (France), and Wilson (US) WHO IS NOT IN ATTENDANCE??

4. WILSON:
Spoke of democracy and self-determination – became a symbol of hope
League of Nations
GEORGE & CLEMENCEAU:
weaken Germany and make it pay for the war.

5. TREATY OF VERSAILLES
June 1919 – Germans ordered to sign Treaty of Versailles against their will.
The Germans resented the terms of the Treaty of Versailles)
“You’ve got to
swallow it whether
you like it or not!”

6. The Treaty of Versailles imposed the following on Germany:
accept full blame for causing the war (and all damages done)
pay HUGE reparations (not only for the destruction, but also pensions for millions of Allied soldiers or their widows and families)
Total cost of German reparations – over $30 billion!!! – did great damage to already poor German economy
limits on the size of its military
Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France
stripped of much of its land & all of its colonies

7. Debate over the Treaty 1919 Republicans controlled Senate
aka they had to ratify the treaty
Chance to embarrass Wilson
Wilson would not include any Republican in the negotiating team sent to Paris
Most powerful Wilson opponent was Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts
Delayed votes on treaty so opponents could present their case

8. The Irony
1921 the U.S. signed a separate peace treaty with each of the Central Powers
NEVER JOINED THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS
IRONIC?

10. OTHER SETTLEMENTS/TREATIES
The Allies drew up separate treaties with the other Central Powers –redrew the map of Europe
New Nations emerged from German, Russian, and Austrian Lands:
Baltic States
Poland
Austria- Hungary became 3 new republics – Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Hungary
Yugoslavia

11. MANDATE SYSTEM:
European colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific wanted Wilson’s self-determination and an end to imperial rule – they did not get it
The Allies added to their overseas empires by creating a system of mandates (see above)
Britain & France took German colonies in Africa and Ottoman land in the Middle East

12. UNFULFILLED GOALS:
Germany was not the only country upset by the Treaty of Versailles
Italy - didn’t get all the lands promised to them in their secret treaty with the Allies
Japan - western nations refused to recognize Japan’s claims in China
China was forced to accept Japanese control over some former German holdings in China
Russia was excluded from the peace talks and resented the reestablishment of Poland and the Baltic states (it was Russian land)