1. Physical Science Methods and Math Describing Matter The Scientific Method Measurements and Calculations 1

2. Topics covered Measuring - Base Units Calculating - Derived Units Prefixes Scientific Notation – Calculations Measuring and Significant Figures – Precision and Accuracy Manipulating Equations Dimensional Analysis (Conversions) The Scientific Method Lab Safety 2

3. DESCRIBING MATTER 3

4. Length Definition Measured with SI base unit 4

5. Prefixes Used for very large or very small amounts 5

6. Matter Anything that has volume and mass 6

7. Volume Defined Units – Liter – Cubic meter 7

8. Determining Volume Of liquid Instrument Meniscus – how to read 8

9. The Volume of an irregular shaped object Water displacement method 9

10. Calculating volume Of a block Of a cylinder 10

11. Mass Define Measured with SI base unit 11

12. How to find the mass of a liquid Subtraction method 12

13. Weight is not mass A measure of the force of __ The SI unit of force is the ___ Measured with a 13

14. Quantity Something that has magnitude, size, or amount How much A number (and a unit) 14

15. Qualitative vs. Quantitative Color texture smell taste beauty 15

16. Sheldon Quantifies Everything https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aZaf8J-97-Y 16

17. Unit A quantity adopted as a standard of measurement 7 SI Base Units, called so because they are Measured 17

18. Temperature Define Measure with SI unit 18

19. Temperature Scale Conversions 19

20. Converting Units: Dimensional Analysis Used to convert units Multiply by equalivant (multiplying by 1) The unit you want cancelled out goes... Multiply by top number & divide by bottom number 20

21. Derived Units Combinations of fundamental (base) units Calculated Note: The symbol for density is the Greek letter p pronounced rho 21

22. Density Mass per unit of volume 22

23. Percent Error A way to express how far a laboratory value is from the commonly accepted value 23

24. Directly Proportional When one variable goes up, the other goes up proportionally E.g.. temperature and volume of a gas 24

25. Inversely Proportional When one variable goes up, the other goes down proportionally E.g.. Pressure and volume of a gas Graph called a hyperbola 25

26. The Nature of Science 26

27. The Nature of Science Science ask 3 basic questions: What is there? How does it work? How did it come to be that way? 27 “The most amazing thing Humans do is ask questions”

28. Science Includes A Method by which knowledge is attained The body of knowledge What is done with the knowledge (technology) 28

29. Scientific Method The goal is to correctly answer the three questions There is no one method of science, it is not linear A body of techniques Consist of systematic observation and measurement Is self-correcting 29

30. Scientific Evidence is Empirical Evidence Information gained by observation and experiment Is reproducible and verifiable Non-dogmatic

31. Teleology The attribution of purpose to natural phenomena Science rejects teleology 31

32. Observation Any information detected by the 5 senses

33. Fact Verified by repeatable observation or measurement (sometimes experiments) – Empirical

34. Imply vs Infer ImplicationInference To conclude from evidence To express something indirectly Sheldon explains Implying and Inferring https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VK- b1CtIATw&spfreload=10

35. Hypothesis A possible answer to a question, usually based on observations Must be testable or falsifiable Usually an “If … then …” statement

36. Law Newton’s Laws Law of Gravity A Description of an event in Nature Usually mathematical Does NOT explain why it happens

37. Theory An explanation of facts observations, and laws Make testable (falsifiable) predictions Changeable (non-dogmatic) Must be an explanation based on laws of nature and empirical evidence “Theories are the most reliable, most rigorous, and most comprehensive form of knowledge that humans possess.”

38. Models A visual, verbal, or mathematical representation used to explain how phenomena occur or how data or events are related 38 Models are Theories

39. MEASUREMENTS AND CALCULATIONS IN SCIENCE 39

40. Accuracy and Precision 40

41. Uncertainties in Measurement All measurements have some degree of uncertainty – Human error – Method error – Limits of the instrument 41

42. Accuracy A description of how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity measured 42

43. Precision The exactness of a measurement How close several measurements are to each other 43

44. Precision Reproducibility: The degree of exactness to which a measurement can be reproduced. Repeated measurements show the same results. Accuracy Correctness: The extent to which a measured value agrees with the standard value. How close it is to correct or true value. 44 A measurement system is considered valid if it both accurate and precise

45. Significant Digits (Figures) The number of digits that are valid for a measurement All digits known plus one estimated digit 45

46. How many Sig Figs does a number have? An essential skill for Chemistry and Physics Calculators do not determine sig figs 46

47. Rules for determining how many Sig Figs a number has? Rule 1 47

48. Rules for zeros All zeros between non-zeros are significant 48 7050 Three sig figs

49. Rules for Zeros continued Zeros are significant if they are to the right of both a decimal and another sig fig 0.0040 Two sig figs 49

50. Zero Rules cont. Zeros used solely for spacing the decimal are not significant 50

51. Decimal at the end 200 1 sig fig 200. 3 sig figs The decimal makes the zeros significant Also, a line over the zero 51

52. Exact values have infinite sig figs Count values ( a dozen is exactly 12) Conversions (100 cm = 1 m) 52

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54. Operations using Sig Figs An answer can not be more precise than the least precise measurement 54

55. Sig Figs: Addition and Subtraction 55 The result is rounded off to the least precise number (least decimal places)

56. Sig Figs: Multiplication and Division The answer is rounded off to the factor with the least number of sig figs 56

57. SCIENTIFIC NOTATION AND ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS 57

58. Scientific Notation A shortened form for writing very large or very small numbers One non-zero digit to the left of the decimal Exponent 58

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60. Addition 60 The powers of 10 must be made the same

61. Subtraction 61

62. Multiplication Multiply the values of M, then add the exponents 62

63. Division Divide the values of M, then subtract the exponents 63

64. Manipulating Equations Using Algebra d=st What is the formula for s? For t? 64

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