1. Title: Beyond Biofuels NOW! Feasible, affordable, scalable, sustainable… Not use agricultural land Not use freshwater

3. ©Trent/NASA ARC/18Nov09

9. Botryococcus braunii Gasoline (65%) Kerosene (15%) Diesel (18%) Oil (3%) Algal colony

11. Biodiesel crops and production: PlantGal/acre-yrBarrels/yr Soybeans50>10,000,000 Sunflower100> 1,000,000 Canola160>10,000,000 Jatropha200?some, not much Palm Oil600>10,000,000 Microalgae2,000 to 5,000~0.1 from: Benemann 2009. Algae Biomass Summit

12. select cultivate harvest extract purify biofuels process separate

13. Open circulating ponds (raceways) Algae cultivation systems on land… Closed bioreactors ©Trent/NASA ARC/18Nov09

15. What’s wrong with this picture?

16. Bioreactor

17. Algal Bioreactor

18. What’s wrong with this picture?

19. 1: Open circulating ponds (raceways) There are challenges growing algae on land… 2: Closed photobioreactors (PBRs)

20. What about collecting algae from the ocean? ©Trent/NASA ARC/18Nov09

21. Harvest wild algae? Too dilute Spatially/temporally dispersed Species composition wrong ©Trent/NASA ARC/18Nov09

23. O ffshore M embrane E nclosures for G rowing A lgae ©Trent/NASA ARC/18Nov09

27. Solar Energy Gas exchange CO 2 O2O2 Temperature control wave energy mixing OMEGA Nutrients/CO 2 wastewater Osmosis ©Trent/NASA ARC/18Nov09

29. Temperature osmosis ©Trent/NASA ARC/18Nov09

31. Temperature Wastewater Processing CO 2 Sequestration CO 2 O2O2 DZ remediation Algae products OMEGA Benefits? Nutrient reclamation ©Trent/NASA ARC/18Nov09

33. OMEGA Logistics?

34. ©Trent/NASA ARC/18Nov09

36. Gas-permeable membrane ©Trent/NASA ARC/18Nov09

37. How realistic is OMEGA?

38. Are we up to the engineering challenge?

42. ©Trent/NASA ARC/18Nov09

45. Biofuels Fertilizer Biochar etc. Biofuels Fertilizer Biochar etc. Dewatering Treated Waste- water Treated Waste- water OMEGA System trent 5/30/09 Nutrients (NPK) Ocean (3.5% salt) OMEGA Water Algae Forward Osmosis

46. The stone age didn’t end because we ran out of stones… Yamani There is no limit to what you can accomplish If you don’t care who gets the credit... Truman

47. A challenge and a call to action… ©Trent/NASA ARC/18Nov09