1. Alain L. Kornhauser Professor, Operations Research & Financial Engineering Director, Program in Transportation Faculty Chair, PAVE (Princeton Autonomous Vehicle Engineering) Princeton University Minneapolis' Bus 2.0 and its Implications for New Jersey Minneapolis' Bus 2.0 and its Implications for New Jersey Committee for a Smart New Jersey The New Jersey State Chapter of ITS America 2012 Annual Symposium December 14, 2012

2. 20052007 Link to Presentation Not Easy20072005 Old House Beginning of Serious Vehicle Automation

3. Evolvution Since the DARPA Challenges.. From the Stanford team… Feet off Hands off Feet off Hands off Google Team: ~50 People ~ $15M/yr (chump change)

4. They’re Addressing the fact that… We really don’t want to drive…

5. Addressing the fact that… We aren’t that good… >90% crashes involve human error Google’s : DOT HS 810 767 Pre-Crash Scenario Typology for Crash Avoidance Research More on Google: Levandowski Presentation

6. Evolution by the Auto Makers Self-parking systems video (1 st version Toyota ’03; US ‘06) MB Park AssistsystemsvideoMB Park Assist Lane Departure Warning SystemsSystems – Continental LWDS; Bendix AutoVue LDWS; Ford Driver Alert; Bosch Lane Departure and Lane Keeping Support; Continental Driver Assistance Systems Continental LWDS; Bendix AutoVue LDWS; Ford Driver AlerBosch Lane Departure and Lane Keeping SupportContinental Driver Assistance Systems Frontal Impact Warning Systems Volvo video Volvo video MBML350 Safety Features *; Mercedes Benz ; MB Lane Keeping Assistance; MB Active Lane Keeping Assist YouTube* MBML350 Safety Features Mercedes BenzMB Lane Keeping AssistanceMB Active Lane Keeping Assist YouTube* MB Attention Assist YouTube; MB Attention Assist YouTube

7. Evolution by Specialized Road Vehicles: Snow Plows Minnesota: Snowplow Technology Integration for Driver Assistance http://www.cts.umn.edu/Research/ProjectDetail.html?id=1999005 http://www.cts.umn.edu/Research/ProjectDetail.html?id=1999005 Alaska: Smart Snowplows http://www.govtech.com/e-government/Smart- Snowplows-Keep-the-Highway-to-Valdez-Alaska-Clear.html http://www.govtech.com/e-government/Smart- Snowplows-Keep-the-Highway-to-Valdez-Alaska-Clear.html California: Filed-Ready GPS-Based Guidance Methods and Systems for Winter Maintenance Vehicles http://ahmct.ucdavis.edu/pdf/UCD-ARR-09- 09-30-03.pdf http://ahmct.ucdavis.edu/pdf/UCD-ARR-09- 09-30-03.pdf

8. Evolution in Transit Buses http://www.bus2.me.umn.edu/ Objective: Efficient Utilization of Narrow Bus-Only Shoulders Methodology: Driver Assistance via Virtual Images, Haptic Feedback, and Tactile Feedback Methodology: Driver Assistance via Virtual Images, Haptic Feedback, and Tactile Feedback (It Knows Enough to Steer the Bus, but doesn’t)

9. Bus 2.0: Initial Demonstration of Transit-based Driver Assistance Fleet of 10 Gillig low floor buses Morning and evening express services 22 mile (one-way) travel distance Reliable travel times in all weather and traffic conditions Fleet of 10 Gillig low floor buses Morning and evening express services 22 mile (one-way) travel distance Reliable travel times in all weather and traffic conditions

10. Bus 2.0: Transit-based Driver Assistance How Do They Do It?

11. It Just Works!

12. Fact: For over 40 years New Jersey has had the World’s Best “Bus Rapid Transit” System! It Consists of: Efficient Boarding/Alighting @ Port Authority Bus Terminal – 223 Departure Gates – Readily Accommodates 700 Buses/hr The World’s Best Bus Rapid Transit System

13. Fact: For over 40 years New Jersey has had the World’s Best “Bus Rapid Transit” System! It Consists of: Efficient Boarding/Alighting @ PA Bus Terminal Direct Access/Egress to Exclusive Lanes in the Lincoln Tunnel The World’s Best Bus Rapid Transit System

14. Fact: For over 40 years New Jersey has had the World’s Best “Bus Rapid Transit” System! It Consists of: Efficient Boarding/Alighting @ PA Bus Terminal Direct Access/Egress to Exclusive Lanes in the Lincoln Tunnel 3+ HOV Lanes on the NJ Turnpike that are, by default, essentially bus-only The World’s Best Bus Rapid Transit System

15. Fact: For over 40 years New Jersey has had the World’s Best “Bus Rapid Transit” System! It Consists of: Efficient Boarding/Alighting @ PA Bus Terminal Direct Access/Egress to Exclusive Lanes in the Lincoln Tunnel 3+ HOV Lanes on the NJ Turnpike that are, by default, essentially bus-only Many Strategically Located Park&Ride Lots The World’s Best Bus Rapid Transit System

16. Pieces are Connected by: “495-viaduct” Counter-flow Exclusive Bus Lane (XBL) (XBL) – 2.5 miles The World’s Best Bus Rapid Transit System

17. Pieces are Connected by: “495-viaduct” Counter-flow Exclusive Bus Lane (XBL) (XBL) – Lane Segregation is by Removable Plastic Peg – Yet exceedingly Safe » 3 (?) accidents in 41 years, no fatalities. The World’s Best Bus Rapid Transit System

18. Pieces are Connected by: “495-viaduct” Counter-flow Exclusive Bus Lane (XBL Movie) (XBL Movie) – Daily (6am->10am): 1,800 Buses; 65,000 pax – Peak Hour: 700 Buses; 35,000 pax – Peak Hour: At Capacity! » Physical Driver Limit » Av. 5 sec. headway The World’s Best Bus Rapid Transit System

19. – Additional Demand Exists for “BRT 2 NYC” – How to increase capacity of XBL? “Take a 2 nd Lane”? – Political suicide! Widen the Viaduct and Helix? – Very expensive/disruptive How about Driver Assistance? – Extend Bus 2.0 Technology Improving The World’s Best Bus Rapid Transit System

20. Go Beyond Bus 2.0: – add Intelligent Cruise Control with Lane Assist to the 2,000 buses… e.g. Daimler Benz Distronic Plus with Traffic Jam AssistDistronic PlusTraffic Jam Assist even at $100,000/bus this is just $200M Could achieve sustained 3.0 second headways – Increases practical throughput by 50% from 700 -> 1,000 buses/hr; 35,000 -> 50,000 pax/hr – Increased passenger capacity comparable to what would have been provided by $10B ARC rail tunnel Institutionally manageable: – All Express Buses are leased for 1$/yr from PANY&NJ – Facilities (XBL, LT, PABT) are controlled by PANY&NJ DoT Ideal test facility available: – Ft. Monmouth Improving The World’s Best Bus Rapid Transit System

21. Concept Not New: Concept Makes Even More Sense Now! Improving The World’s Best Bus Rapid Transit System

22. Thank You

25. 20052007 Link to Presentation Not Easy20072005 Old House

26. Could the Best be made even Better? Is the XBL an opportunity Specific: “495-viaduct” Counter-flow Exclusive Bus Lane (XBL) URLURL – Currently: Fleet of 3,000 buses use the XBL leading to the Lincoln Tunnel & 42 nd Street PA Bus Terminal. Unassisted practical capacity: 700 Buses/hr (5.1 sec headway) – By adding Intelligent Cruise Control with Lane Assist to 3,000 buses… e.g. Daimler Benz Distronic Plus with Traffic Jam AssistDistronic PlusTraffic Jam Assist – Could achieve sustained 3.0 second headways Increases practical throughput by 50% from 700 -> 1,000 buses/hr; 35,000 -> 50,000 pax/hr Increased passenger capacity comparable to what would have been provided by $10B ARC rail tunnel.

27. Fact: For over 40 years New Jersey has had the World’s Best “Bus Rapid Transit” System! There exists: Efficient Boarding/Alighting @ PA Bus Terminal Direct Access/Egress to Exclusive Lanes in the Lincoln Tunnel “495-viaduct” Counter-flow Exclusive Bus Lane (XBL)(XBL) – 2.5 miles; 700 Buses/hr; 35,000 pax/hr; 1,800 Daily Buses; 65,000pax/(6am->10am) The World’s Best Bus Rapid Transit System

28. Fact: For over 40 years New Jersey has had the World’s Best “Bus Rapid Transit” System! There exists: Efficient Boarding/Alighting @ PA Bus Terminal Direct Access/Egress to Exclusive Lanes in the Lincoln Tunnel “495-viaduct” Counter-flow Exclusive Bus Lane (XBL)(XBL) – Lane Segregation is by Removable Plastic Peg The World’s Best Bus Rapid Transit System

29. Fact: For over 40 years New Jersey has had the World’s Best “Bus Rapid Transit” System! There exists: Efficient Boarding/Alighting @ PA Bus Terminal Direct Access/Egress to Exclusive Lanes in the Lincoln Tunnel “495-viaduct” Counter-flow Exclusive Bus Lane (XBL)(XBL) 3+ HOV Lanes on the NJ Turnpike that are, by default, essentially bus-only The World’s Best Bus Rapid Transit System

30. Fact: For over 40 years New Jersey has had the World’s Best “Bus Rapid Transit” System! There exists: Efficient Boarding/Alighting @ PA Bus Terminal Direct Access/Egress to Exclusive Lanes in the Lincoln Tunnel “495-viaduct” Counter-flow Exclusive Bus Lane (XBL)(XBL) 3+ HOV Lanes on the NJ Turnpike that are, by default, essentially bus-only Many Efficiently Located Park&Ride Lots The World’s Best Bus Rapid Transit System

31. Fact: For over 40 years New Jersey has had the World’s Best “Bus Rapid Transit” System! There exists: Efficient Boarding/Alighting @ PA Bus Terminal Direct Access/Egress to Exclusive Lanes in the Lincoln Tunnel “495-viaduct” Counter-flow Exclusive Bus Lane (XBL)(XBL) – Lane Segregation is by Removable Plastic Peg The World’s Best Bus Rapid Transit System

32. Fact: For over 40 years New Jersey has had the World’s Best “Bus Rapid Transit” System! There exists: Efficient Boarding/Alighting @ PA Bus Terminal Direct Access/Egress to Exclusive Lanes in the Lincoln Tunnel “495-viaduct” Counter-flow Exclusive Bus Lane (XBL) URL (XBL) URL 3+ HOV Lanes on the NJ Turnpike that are, by default, essentially bus-only Many Efficiently Located Park&Ride Lots The World’s Best Bus Rapid Transit System

33. Fact: For over 40 years New Jersey has had the World’s Best “Bus Rapid Transit” System! There exists: Efficient Boarding/Alighting @ PA Bus Terminal Direct Access/Egress to Exclusive Lanes in the Lincoln Tunnel “495-viaduct” Counter-flow Exclusive Bus Lane (XBL) URL (XBL) URL 3+ HOV Lanes on the NJ Turnpike that are, by default, essentially bus-only Many Efficiently Located Park&Ride Lots The World’s Best Bus Rapid Transit System

34. Extending Bus 2.0 Technology to Substantially Enhance New Jersey’s Bus Rapid Transit System Fact: For over 40 years New Jersey has had the World’s Best “Bus Rapid Transit” System! There exists: Efficient Boarding/Alighting @ PA Bus Terminal Direct Access/Egress to Exclusive Lanes in the Lincoln Tunnel “495-viaduct” Counter-flow Exclusive Bus Lane (XBL) URL(XBL) URL 3+ HOV Lanes on the NJ Turnpike that are, by default, essentially bus-only Many Efficiently Located Park&Ride Lots

35. Extending Bus 2.0 Technology to Substantially Enhance New Jersey’s Bus Rapid Transit System Fact: For over 40 years New Jersey has had the World’s Best “Bus Rapid Transit” System! Composed of: an efficient Boarding/Alighting Port Authority Bus Terminal Direct Access and Egress to Exclusive Lanes in the Lincoln Tunnel “495-viaduct” Counter-flow Exclusive Bus Lane (XBL) URLURL 3+ HOV Lanes on the NJ Turnpike that are, by default, essentially bus-only Numerous Efficiently Located Park&Ride Lots

36. The World’s Best Bus Rapid Transit System Fact: For over 40 years New Jersey has had the World’s Best “Bus Rapid Transit” System! Composed of: an efficient Boarding/Alighting Port Authority Bus Terminal Direct Access and Egress to Exclusive Lanes in the Lincoln Tunnel “495-viaduct” Counter-flow Exclusive Bus Lane (XBL) URLURL 3+ HOV Lanes on the NJ Turnpike that are, by default, essentially bus-only Numerous Efficiently Located Park&Ride Lots

37. The World’s Best Bus Rapid Transit System Fact: For over 40 years New Jersey has had the World’s Best “Bus Rapid Transit” System! Composed of: an efficient Boarding/Alighting Port Authority Bus Terminal Direct Access and Egress to Exclusive Lanes in the Lincoln Tunnel “495-viaduct” Counter-flow Exclusive Bus Lane (XBL) URLURL 3+ HOV Lanes on the NJ Turnpike that are, by default, essentially bus-only Numerous Efficiently Located Park&Ride Lots

38. The World’s Best Bus Rapid Transit System Fact: For over 40 years New Jersey has had the World’s Best “Bus Rapid Transit” System! Composed of: an efficient Boarding/Alighting Port Authority Bus Terminal Direct Access and Egress to Exclusive Lanes in the Lincoln Tunnel “495-viaduct” Counter-flow Exclusive Bus Lane (XBL) URLURL 3+ HOV Lanes on the NJ Turnpike that are, by default, essentially bus-only Numerous Efficiently Located Park&Ride Lots