1. Weathering, Soil, & Erosion Chapter 12 300

2. Weathering sec. 1 What is weathering? –the breakdown of rocks (into sediments) due to exposure to processes that occur at Earth’s surface The 2 major types of weathering? –mechanical (physical) a.k.a. disintegration chemical a.k.a. decomposition

3. Mechanical (Physical) Weathering What happens during mechanical (physical) weathering? –rock is split, cracked or broken into smaller pieces (disintegration) mineral composition is NOT changed –just physical structure

4. Types of Mechanical (Phys.) Weathering What is frost wedging (a.k.a. frost action)? –water gets into cracks in rock  water freezes & expands  widens cracks  ice melts  more water gets in enlarged cracks  water freezes & expands… & so on…. until rock breaks Where is frost wedging most common? –where temp. varies between below and above freezing

5. What is abrasion? –when rocks rub or bounce against each other as moved by wind, water, ice, or gravity & get broken into smaller pieces (sediments) Types of Mechanical (Phys.) Weathering

6. –What do rocks abraded by wind (& the sediments they form) look like? flat/angular surfaces, cuts, grooves (known as ventifacts) Types of Mechanical (Phys.) Weathering

7. –What do rocks abraded by water (& the sediments they form) look like? smooth, rounded particles Types of Mechanical (Phys.) Weathering

8. –What do rocks abraded by ice (glaciers) look like? striations (grooves) showing direction of ice flow Types of Mechanical (Phys.) Weathering

9. How do plants & animals cause weathering? –allow water and air to reach bedrock or may bring rocks to surface by: plant roots growing into cracks & expanding cracks animals digging holes & burrows in the soil

10. Types of Mechanical (Phys.) Weathering What is exfoliation (jointing)? –overlying layers of rock are removed  pressure is released  rocks below expand & break along curved joints (parallel to surface)  rock peels off like layers of an onion

11. Chemical Weathering What happens during chemical weathering? –rock is broken down by chemical reactions & its minerals are changed into new substances (decomposition)

12. Chemical Weathering Where is chemical weathering most common? –occurs almost everywhere because of presence of water or water vapor other agents include acids and oxygen

13. Types of Chemical Weathering What is hydrolysis? –chemical weathering by reaction of water with other substances minerals dissolve into ions & react with water to form clay minerals

14. Water’s chemical effects are increased by presence of acids dissolved in water CO 2 dissolved in water produces carbonic acid –reacts with & dissolves some rocks & minerals Types of Chemical Weathering

15. –Which rocks would be most susceptible to weathering by acidic water? Why? limestone & marble –b/c calcite-based –Other rocks are very resistant to acid & do not dissolve. quartzite

16. How can air pollution increase chemical weathering? –gases from volcanoes, cars (nitrogen oxides), or power plants (sulfur dioxide) can make rainwater even more acidic (ACID RAIN) Types of Chemical Weathering

17. How can plants & animals can contribute to chemical weathering? –Acids formed by the decay of dead organisms can be incorporated into rainwater percolating into the ground. –Lichens (fungi + algae) make acids which can dissolve rock. Types of Chemical Weathering

18. What is oxidation? –when oxygen reacts with minerals in rock ex. iron + oxygen = iron oxide (rust) –red  hematite –yellowish-brown  limonite Types of Chemical Weathering

19. Rates of Weathering Normal conditions  weathering is slow What factors affect weathering rate? –surface area –mineral composition –climate

20. How does surface area affect weathering rate? –smaller pieces have more surface area (than a large piece with the same total volume) and causes faster weathering  Rates of Weathering

21. How does the mineral composition of a rock affect the weathering rate? –quartz-based rocks weather slower more resistant –feldspar, hornblende, biotite mica, augite, calcite, gypsum-based rocks weather faster less resistant Rates of Weathering

22. How does climate affect weathering rate? –How does an arid (dry) climate affect weathering rate (& type)? slow weathering –mostly mechanical (by wind) Rates of Weathering

23. –How does a cold & wet climate affect weathering rate (& type)? faster weathering –mostly physical (frost action) Rates of Weathering

24. –How does a warm & wet climate affect weathering rate (& type)? faster weathering –mostly chemical (higher temperature speeds up reactions) Rates of Weathering

25. Soil sec. 2 What is soil? –mixture of loose weathered rock & organic material that covers bedrock & in which plants with roots can grow typically 3 major layers (horizons)

26. What is the material that soil forms from called? –parent material What is a residual soil? –soil whose parent material is the (local) bedrock beneath the soil What is a transported soil? –soil formed from parent material in different areas & brought into a new area by wind or water Most soils in CT are transported soils. How Soil Forms

27. Stages of Soil Formation “Mature” soils: –have had a long time to form. –have 3 distinct zones. can be seen in a soil profile (cross section exposed by digging down to parent material)

28. Soil Profiles What is the O horizon (litter layer)? –partly decomposed organic matter What is the A horizon (topsoil)? –rich in organic remains (humus) –gray-black color

29. Soil Profiles What is the B horizon (subsoil)? –rich in minerals (washed down from A horizon) iron, clay, calcium, magnesium –red-brown color What is the C horizon? –slightly weathered parent material –color depends on parent material

30. Soil Composition How is soil classified? –by composition (make-up) strong link between composition & climate

31. Mass Movements & Erosion Sec. 3 What is erosion? –the removal & transport of materials by wind, moving water, or ice can only take place after weathering has occurred

32. Agents of Erosion What are “agents” (causes) of erosion? –rivers, streams, glaciers, wind, and ocean waves and currents

33. Erosion & Landforms How does erosion help in shaping the landscape? –Topography (“shape of land”) depends on the “balance” between uplifting forces & erosion. Ex. Pressure builds mountains; erosion wears them down.

34. Mass Movements What is a “mass movement”? –downward transportation of weathered material by gravity What is talus? –pile of weathered fragments at the bottom of a cliff

35. Types of Mass Movements What are slow- moving types of mass movements? –creep –slump What are fast- moving types of mass movements? –flows mudflows earthflows –landslide/rock fall

36. What is creep? –very low velocity (slow), gradual, steady movement of surface soil imperceptible, but effects can be seen –fence posts, poles, & trees to lean downhill Types of Mass Movements

37. What is slump? –blocks of land tilt & move downhill along a surface that curves into slope b/c bottom of the slope has become too steep to support soil at top Types of Mass Movements

38. What is a mudflow? –rapid movement of water containing large amounts of suspended clay & silt –What is a lahar? mudflow accompanying volcanic eruption Types of Mass Movements

39. What is an earthflow? –soil saturated w/ water flows downhill slower & less fluid than mudflow –affected by amount of water present, composition of soil, & steepness of slope Types of Mass Movements

40. What is a landslide/rock fall? –general name for movement of a mass of bedrock or loose soil & rock down slope of a hill, mountain, or cliff high velocity event material is generally loose & dry most likely on steep slopes Types of Mass Movements

41. Soil as a Resource sec. 4 What is soil fertility? –ability of soil to grow plants What affects soil fertility? –proportion of minerals, water & organic matter determines fertility

42. Threats to Soil Fertility What is soil depletion/degradation? –when nutrients are lacking or taken out of soil to point where it can no longer grow a usable crop How can depletion/degradation be reduced? –by allowing field to lay fallow or rotating crops However, fertilizers are often added instead.

43. Threats to Soil Fertility What is salinization? –water from irrigation leaves behind minerals as it evaporates & soil cannot support crops Some ways to reduce/prevent salinization? –Use drip irrigation or soaker hoses (less water). –Avoid crops that require a lot of water. –Plant crops that remove salt from soil. –Improve drainage.

44. Erosion & Human Activity How is erosion accelerated by human activity? –farming –construction –mining

45. Soil Conservation Methods What are windbreaks/ shelterbelts? –trees planted to reduce wind erosion act as barrier to wind

46. What is terracing? –“steps” cut into land to slow water flow down slope What is contour farming? –plow parallel to land shape, slows water flow

47. What is strip cropping? –alternating rows of little ground cover & complete coverage planted perpendicular to dominant wind direction What is no-till farming? –plowing, planting, fertilizing, & weed control done at same time land not disturbed again until harvest Soil Conservation Methods