1. @ In 2007, Kahr studied the ability of crystals to transfer genetic information, using crystals of potassium hydrogen phosphate. @ He cleaved imperfect crystals & used them as seeds to grow new crystals in a solution. @ He then examined the new crystals & found that the imperfect properties of the first crystals were transferred to the new crystals. @ However the new crystals were unable to store or transfer these properties to the next generation.

3. @ RNA world hypothesis: RNA can self replicate & catalyze molecule formation without DNA or proteins. @ RNA provides a copying template to join RNA pieces together & makes self-replication. @ James Ferris showed that clay minerals could form RNA in water solution. Then RNA joins nucleotides together to form longer chains. @ RNA was found to be able to express and maintain the genetic information in organisms

5. @ Lincoln and Joyce identified an RNA enzyme that catalyzes self replication. Hence RNA can reproduce molecules. @ Iron-sulfur world hypothesis: Christian de Duve showed that the enzymes carbon monoxide dehydrogenase & acetyl-CoA synthase catalyze the formation of acetyl- CoA clusters from iron and sulfur reactions. @ This proved that acetyl-CoA can organize molecules on a metal sulfide surface.

7. ORIGIN OF LIFE: SUMMARY @ Charles Darwin (Warm Pond Theory) contains ammonia & phosphoric salts, light, heat, & electricity. From all that a protein was formed & changed to living things. @ Alexander Oparin (Primordial soup theory) contains organic molecules created by action of sunlight in water. Organic molecules combined to form to give living cells. @ Miller-Urey experiment (Biopoesis Theory) in mixture of water, hydrogen, methane, & ammonia, all cycled in an electric field. Carbon changed to protein. @ Sidney Fox (combined Biogenesis & Soup Theories) allowing aminoacids to dry out. He noticed aminoacids forming long, thread-like molecules (Proteinoids).

8. @ Then Fox baked volcano lava over aminoacids, put in water, to form proteinoids, and proteinoids combined to form the spheres Protobionts (one-cell creature) @ Graham Cairns Smith (Clay hypothesis) Organic molecules arose on inorganic silicate crystals solution. @ Kahr proved the ability of crystals to transfer genetic information using potassium hydrogen phosphate @ James Ferris (RNA World Hypothesis) Clay form RNA in water & RNA joins nucleotides to form longer chains @ Lincoln & Joyce identified the RNA enzyme helping RNA produce molecule. @ Christian de Duve (Iron-Sulfur World Hypothesis) The acetyl-CoA can organize molecules from iron- sulfur clusters.

9. Microbial Evolution @ The oldest living creatures found in rocks and inorganic minerals are about 3.5 billion years old, one billion years after Earth formation. @ The evolution of microorganisms are studied from the remains of the past (fossils). @ Fossils may be observed in its solid state or from its prints on rocks @ Blue-green bacteria were the first organisms discovered in history, detected in a form of stromatolites (bacterial colonies with minerals)

11. @ In 1936 Cluyver & Niel stated that the first bacterium discovered was spherical in shape. @ Barghoorn & his associates examined 3.5 billion year old rocks & discovered many organisms: single, paired, long, thin, flat, wrinkled, or folded. @ First organisms discovered were anaerobic, since oxygen was absent at that time. @ In 1965 Schopf & his co-workers discovered preserved rod-shaped & spherical organisms about 2 billion years old.

13. @ In 1977 Woese & co-workers described the methanogenes (methane-producing) bacteria. It has a different RNA & genetic composition @ In 1977 Fox and Woese divided prokaryotes into two: Bacteria & Archaebacteria. @ The archaebacteria include three kinds: * Methanogenes * Extreme halophiles, * Thermoacidophiles. @ The methanogenes were found to live at a temp. 65°-70 e C, anaerobic, & utilize carbon dioxide & hydrogen & give off methane gas

15. @ Extreme halophiles grow in salty in oceans. They have a photosynthetic mechanism from pigments inside the organism. @ Thermoacidophiles grow in hot, acidic places above 90°C. They have different cell wall, cell membrane, & ribosomes. @ Mitochondria & chloroplasts structures are thought to descend from prokaryotes. @ The mitochondrion is thought to have been a bacterium & the chloroplast to have been a structure of the blue-green bacteria.