1. 22-3 More Carbonyl Compounds Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic acids use the carbonyl functional group, but have a –COOH structure  Carboxylic acids are polar and reactive. Some CAs have 2 or more CA groups…they are called dicarboxylic acids (w/2 CA) Amino acids are the monomer that make up proteins..(a polymer, or large compound made up of repeating links [monomers] in a chain)

2. Alanine is a typical amino acid. Amino group Carboxylic acid group

3. Esters Esters are derived from carboxylic acids. Esters have a CA group where the hydrogen has been replaced by a hydrocarbon.  Esters are made from CAs and Alcohols.

4. ESTERS (cont’d) Esters are responsible for the aroma and tastes in many fruit. (See p 799 mh text.) Practice naming esters….

5. Amides Amides are CA compounds where the –OH is replaced by nitrogen or amino group. The amide group looks like this  …or possibly like this 

6. Amides (cont’d) Urea is an important amide….and end product of the breakdown of protein in mammals. Ammonia, in the system is converted to non-toxic urea for removal from the bodies. Because of its high nitrogen content, urea is used as a fertilizer or a supplement in food for animals. Structure of urea.

7. Naming Amides Amides are named, based upon the 2 or 3 carbon chains attached. Amides (R-CO-NH 2 ) take the suffix "-amide", or "- carboxamide" if the carbon in the amide group cannot be included in the main chain. The prefix form is both "carbamoyl-" and "amido-". Amides that have additional substituents on the nitrogen are treated similarly to the case of amines: they are ordered alphabetically with the location prefix N: HCON(CH 3 ) 2 is N,N-dimethylmethanamide.

8. Naming Amines Revisited

9. Condensation Reactions Condensation reactions occur when two smaller molecules combine to form a larger one…like the building of proteins from amino acids. Water is often a product.