1. Equivalence in Translation
A key concept in translation
Equivalence centers around the processes interacting between the original source text and translated text.

2. Types of Equivalence
(1) Referential equivalence is established when the words in the source language (SL) refer to the same objects in the world as the words in the target language (TL) eكتاب .g. book and in English refers. (2) Connotative equivalence is established when the words in both languages and texts trigger the same associations and connotations. (3) Pragmatic equivalence refers to words in both languages having the same effect on the readers in both languages.

3. Types of Equivalence Referential
when the words in the source language (SL) refer to the same objects in the world as the words in the target language (TL).
Communicative
when the words in both languages and texts trigger the same associations and connotations.
Pragmatic
When words in SL + TL have the same effect on the readers in both languages

4. Types of Equivalence
(4) Contextual equivalence is established when words in both languages are used in the same or similar contexts. (5) Formal equivalence refers to words in both languages having similar phonological or orthographic features. (6) Textual equivalence refers to aspects of cohesion and coherence which are similar in both texts and languages.

5. Types of Equivalence Contextual
when words in both languages are used in the same or similar contexts.
Formal
When words in both languages having similar phonological or orthographic features
Textual
When aspects of cohesion and coherence which are similar in both texts and languages

6. Why is equivalence important in translation?
How is meaning reproduced in translation?

7. How is meaning reproduced in translation?
Is it only through surface language features?
Words, grammar, phonology, text cohesion
Or through covert underlying conceptual meaning? Pragmatic meaning
Meaning in use, situation, context and readership cultural background, It is not in text, but in situations involving language

8. What is pragmatics? The study of language in use.
How utterances are used in communicative situations and the way we interpret them in a context
The study of meaning not as generated by the linguistic system but as conveyed and manipulated by participants in a communicative situation

9. Two important concepts in pragmatics
coherence
Implicature

10. a network of relations which organizes and create text concerned with how utterances are connected to each other Coherence and cohesion
coherence
cohesion
Conceptual relationship underlying the surface text
Underlying semantic relation
Readership property: reader’s evaluation of the text
Implicit meaning
Subjective: varies from reader to reader
Making sense of the text
Surface textual relationships such as cohesive devices
Linking words and expressions to other words and expressions.
Text property: cohesive markers “therefore” etc.
Explicit meaning
Objective: automatic recognition
Cannot create coherence

11. Example of a cohesive text
I bought a Ford. The car in which President Wilson rode down the Champs Elysees was black. Black English has been widely discussed. (See Baker P 218) As for coherence see example P. 220 “A Hero from Zero”

12. What is pragmatic equivalence?
How a text makes sense to a given readership. We go beyond the textual level and see how utterances are used in communicative situations
pragmatic equivalence tends to reproduce the context and text goals of the SL.
"pragmatic equivalence subsumes all of the semio-pragmatic-communicative layers of communication."[29]
Examples of these semiotic and communicative dimensions are genre, field, mode, tenor, text type and translation purpose (skopos).

13. Examples a) 1-Eng ST: He was armed to his teeth.
 2-Arb TT1:كان مسلحا حتى أسنانه  
 3-Arb TT2, (optimal):كان مدججا بالسلاح  b)
 1-Eng ST: He kicked the bucket.
 2-Arb TT1: ركل الدلو 
 3-Arb TT2, (optimal):وافته المنية 

14. Example for translation
يقول أمرسون في قصيدته (التميمة)Amulet Give me an amulet that keeps intelligence with you Red when you love, and rosier red And when you love not, pale and blue ما ترجمته: أعطني تميمة تحتفظ بالذكاء/المعلومات معك حمراء عندما تحب، وحمراء أكثر تورّداً وشاحبة زرقاء عندما لا تحب وأظن أن ما يقصده هو الآتي: أعطني تميمة عربوناً للمودة ما بيننا بحيث تكون صلة الوصل بين روحينا، فتبقيني على علم بما تحس به. فعندما تحبني تحتفظ بلون أحمر، وكلما ازداد حبك تحول لونها إلى ورديّ أما إن شحب لونها وعلته زرقة، فعندها سأعرف أن حبك خبا وفقد وهجه.

15. Implicature