2. Thoracic skeleton :  Thoracic vertebrae  Sternum  Ribs

3. A. The spinal column Vertebrae Seven cervical vertebrae (C1–C7) neckcervical Twelve thoracic vertebrae (T1–T12upper back thoracic Five lumbar vertebrae (L1–L5) lower backlumbar Sacrum Coccyx

5. Abnormal Curves Scoliosis-abnormal lateral curve of more than 10° Kyphosis-exaggerated thoracic curve Lordosis-accentuated lumbar curve

7. body Vertebral Parts spinous process vertebral foramen transverse process lamina pedicle rib facet

10. Discs

11. Disc Degeneration

14. T9 T10 T11 T12 T11 T10 T1

22. Typical Ribs Head Articulates with 2 Demifacets Neck Tubercle Shaft costal groove at inferior border Angle Anterior end

23. Rib neck tubercle costal groove shaft head

26. The first rib (R1): superior surface

27. Atypical ribs

28. Sternummanubrium clavicular notch Suprasternal notch xiphoid process body sternal angle intercostal space

30. True Ribs (7 pairs) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 1 1 3 3 2 2 4 4 55 FloatingFloating False Ribs (5 pairs)