1. Geography 2109 Ch. 2 Part 1- Physiographic Regions of Canada Conceptual Framework  7 Physiographic Regions  Geophysical Processes and Regionalism  Climatic Processes, Types and Regionalism  Geophysical Heartland/Hinterland  Determinants of Human Settlement  Characteristics of Regions Superior Climate & Vegetational Impacts

2. Physiography: A study of landforms, their underlying geology, and the processes that shape these landforms. Geophysical Processes and Regionalism Geothermal Activities Continental Drift & Mountain building The Rock Cycle Glacial Cycles & processes Erosion and Sedimentation Earth’s Geothermal Core, Mantle and Crust Geophysical Processes and Regionalism

3. Geophysical Processes Continental Drift & Mountain building

4. Geophysical Processes Mountain building The Rock Cycle Rock Origins - Igneous (molten intrusion) - Sedimentary (deposition) - Metamorphic (pressure) Process - Horizontal & vertical push lifts rock into highlands - Glaciers, wind, water erode tops into sharp peaks, cirques, arêtes - Further erosion decreases height and widens troughs - Deposits accumulate from eroded materials - Weight, heat, settling compact and buckle rock

5. Geophysical Processes Erosion Water (can carry sand to boulders depending on flow speed) Air (fine particulates – silt, sand) Slumps, slides (large masses of land) These physiographic surface processes are driven by Climate, yet they have significant impact on human choice for both settlement and economic activity

6. Geophysical Processes Glaciation and Glacial Impacts Ice Ages (20k-year cycle) Last glaciation peak 14K BP Isostatic Rebound Restrained Rebound (during meltback) Postglacial Uplift (end of meltback – 11K BP) Residual Uplift (not yet finished)

7. Glacial Impacts Glacial Deposition Glacial till (at edges during retreat) Drumlins (long, low hills - during advance push) Eskers (long, narrow – by meltwaters under glaciers) Glacial striations (on bedrock by gouging during advance) Rivers and Lakes

8. Types of Precipitation (3) Rainfall, Snow and Hail Convectional precipitation (moist air is forced to rise over warm ground) Frontal precipitation (warm front meets cold and is forced to rise above it) Orographic precipitation (warm front forced to rise over mountains) Rain Shadow Effect (as this same air mass moves down leeward slopes, the leeward side warms the air and it rises again without precipitation) Convectional Orographic Rain Shadow Effect Cold Front Warm Front

9. Acknowledgement of Image Sources Glacial images and landforms from The Canadian Encyclopedia, 2003. CD Edition, available from Petro-Canada outlets. Maps: –Physiographic regions: Robert Bone. 2002. The Geography of Canada, 2 nd Edition. –Tracing the Magnetic Pole, The Canadian Encyclopedia, 2003. CD Edition –Wisconsin Ice Sheet, Gleick, 2000: p. 70 (fig. 20) –World map Pangea 200M years ago, and world today from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ice/continents/ Global Core, Mathez (ed.). 2001. Earth: Inside & Out pp. 157, 156, 68 respectively. Erosion images, German Newspaper website http://www.sueddeutsche.de, 2002.http://www.sueddeutsche.de Cyclone and Wave Erosion, EPA website, Great Lakes, July 2002, http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/visual.html, http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/visual.html,