1. CPS120: Introduction to Computer Science Formatted I/O

2. Formatted Output -- Currency cout.setf(ios : : fixed)  Print “fixed point” form, not in exponential form cout.setf(ios : : showpoint)  Says to always print the decimal point cout.precison(2)  Says to print out the two most significant decimal digits, after rounding to this precision

3. Line Spacing  In order to end a line in an output statement you may use the new line character, \n, instead of endl.  Examples: cout << "Hello world" << '\n'; cout << "Hello world" << "\n"; cout << "Hello world\n";  These are practically equivalent to: cout << "Hello world" << endl;

4. Escape Sequences  Other useful "escape sequences" (since the \ is the escape operator) are: \t to generate a tab \\ to print a backslash \' to print a single quote \" to print a double quote

5. Using setf and unsetf  Each stream has format options that can be changed OPTIONDESCRIPTION leftLeft-justifies the output rightRight-justifies the output showpointDisplays decimal point and trailing zeros for floats uppercase Displays e in scientific as E showposDisplays a leading plus sign scientificDisplays floating point number scientifically fixedDisplays floating-point in normal notation

6. Using Format Options  Format options are set immediately prior to the COUT statement float x = 24.0; cout << x << ‘\n’;// displays 24 cout.setf(ios::showpoint); cout << x << ‘\n’;// displays 24.00000 cout.unsetf(ios::showpoint); cout << x << ‘\n’; // displays 24

7. Using Manipulators  You must include the header file at the top of your program in order to use the setprecision, setw, and other manipulators. You must use place the following compiler directive at the top of your program. #include  I/O manipulators are placed directly in the output statement cout << setprecision(2) << price << ‘\n’;

8. Setting Precision  The setprecision manipulator allows you to limit the number of digits that are displayed when a numeric data type is displayed: cout << setprecision(2) << price << '\n'; only allows the leading two digits of the value stored in the variable, price, to be displayed

9. More Precisely  If the fixed format was set previously with the statement: cout.setf(ios::fixed); then the setprecision(2) manipulator would have the effect of rounding or truncating price (and all future floating-point values in the cout stream) to the hundredths place

10. Field Width  The setw manipulator controls the width of the field when displaying a value. The statement: cout << setw(10) << umEndow << endl; sets the width of the field allocated for the variable, umEndow, to 10 characters

11. Formatting Numbers for Output double price; price = 78.5; cout << "The price is $"; cout << price << endl;  We want the price to be $78.50

12. Magic Formula for Currency cout.setf(ios :: fixed); cout.setf(ios :: showpoint); cout.precision(2);

13. Formatted Output -- Currency cout.setf(ios : : fixed)  Print “fixed point” form, not in exponential form cout.setf(ios : : showpoint)  Says to always print the decimal point cout.precison(2)  Says to print out the two most significant decimal digits, after rounding to this precision