1. Raymond P. Kesner, Bridget L. Bolland, Manoli Dakis
Memory for Spatial Locations, Motor Responses, and Objects: Triple Dissociation among the Hippocampus, Caudate Nucleus, and Extrastriate Visual Cortex
Raymond P. Kesner, Bridget L. Bolland, Manoli Dakis
Group A7: Snir Seitelbach, Dave Dudar, Scott Good, Katie Herdman, Monika Walerjan

2. OUTLINE INTRODUCTION METHOD RESULTS & DISCUSSION CRITIQUES NEXT STEPS
Overall Motive of the Experiment
Background
Inadequate Research
Adequate Research
METHOD
Pros
Cons
RESULTS & DISCUSSION CRITIQUES
Hippocampus Lesions
Caudate Nucleus Lesions
Extrastriate Visual Cortex Lesions
NEXT STEPS
REFERENCES

3. INTRODUCTION Overall Motive of the Experiment
Snir Seitelbach
INTRODUCTION Overall Motive of the Experiment
To prove there are multiple memory systems
Attribute Database Memory Model
Working & Declarative Memory Model
Different neural substrates that mediate different attributes
Hippocampus exclusively codes all information (spatial, temporal, response, sensory-perceptual, or affect)

4. BACKGROUND Inadequate Research
Snir Seitelbach
BACKGROUND Inadequate Research
“Equivalent impairment of spatial
and nonspatial memory following
damage to the hippocampus”
- Cave and Squire
Our study claimed Cave and Squire thought humans with demonstrated hippocampal damage show deficits in spatial memory tasks
Conclusion of study above: Hippocampus is not especially involved in spatial memory

5. BACKGROUND Inadequate Research
Snir Seitelbach
BACKGROUND Inadequate Research
“A note on spatial-motor deficits
in patients with Huntington’s
disease: a test of a hypothesis”
- Potegal
In Our Study: labeled as a deficit in memory.
Health Canada defines Huntington’s disease as a neuronal degeneration disorder that involves functional deficit.

6. BACKGROUND Adequate Research
Snir Seitelbach
BACKGROUND Adequate Research
“Limbic lesions and the problem
of stimulus-reinforcement
associations”
- Jones & Mishkin
Hippocampal lesions in monkeys produce severe deficits in spatial location memory tasks

7. BACKGROUND Adequate Research
Snir Seitelbach
BACKGROUND Adequate Research
“The contributions of positions,
direction and velocity to single
unit activity in the hippocampus
of freely moving rats”
- McNaughton, Barnes,
& O’Keefe
In both monkeys and rodents many hippocampi cells increase their firing rate when an animal is located a specific place within a specific environment or is attempting to locate a stimulus in a particular location

8. METHOD Katie Herdman EXPERIMENT 1 EXPERIMENT 2 EXPERIMENT 3
Spatial Location Memory Task
Motor Response Memory Task
Visual Object Memory Task

9. METHOD Pros The radial arm maze in Experiment 1
Katie Herdman
METHOD Pros
The radial arm maze in Experiment 1
is an adequate method for testing
spatial location memory as established
by previous studies.
Modification of Experiment 3 to allow for direct comparisons with the same analogous procedures used in monkeys.

10. Katie Herdman
METHOD Pros
Verification of lesions to show consistent damage across all three experiments.

11. METHOD Cons Sample size was small for each lesioned
Katie Herdman
METHOD Cons
Sample size was small
for each lesioned
groups in each experiment.
The sample size was not the same for all lesioned groups.

12. METHOD Cons Lesion verification showed damage to
Katie Herdman
METHOD Cons
Lesion verification
showed damage to
primary striate visual
cortex, affecting rat’s
vision during
Experiment 3.

13. The Primary Visual Cortex
Katie Herdman
The Primary Visual Cortex
V1 is uniquely positioned as the primary distributor of most visual information that reaches other cortical areas
In absence of V1, visual signals still reach many extrastriate areas, but seem incapable of generating normal conscious experiences
(Tong, 2003)

14. Katie Herdman
METHOD Cons
Acid lesioning may be more preferable instead of electrolytic lesioning because it is more accurate
Kainic Acid

15. A Different Method for Lesioning
Katie Herdman
A Different Method for Lesioning
“In situ injection of kainic acid: a new method for selectively lesioning neural cell bodies while sparing axons of passage”
- Coyle, Molliver & Kuhar
These morphologic studies provide direct evidence that injection of kainic acid in brain causes a selective degeneration of neurons will cell bodies in the area of the injection but spares axons that pass through or terminate in the injected area.
(Coyle et al., 1978)

16. RESULTS & DISCUSSION Critiques
Scott Good
RESULTS & DISCUSSION Critiques
Hippocampal Lesions: Mice unable to perform well in spatial memory tasks, but performed well on the other tasks.
This supports the attribute model.

17. RESULTS & DISCUSSION Critiques
Scott Good
RESULTS & DISCUSSION Critiques
Hippocampal Lesions: A recent study made an observation on the hippocampus’ function: it is only responsible for spatial memory.
This is a large generalization.

18. RESULTS & DISCUSSION Critiques
Scott Good
RESULTS & DISCUSSION Critiques
Hippocampal Lesions: the hippocampus is responsible for processing memory.
The rats were retested seconds-to-minutes after the learning process.
A longer wait would have showed deficits in all the experimental procedures.

19. RESULTS & DISCUSSION Critiques
Scott Good
RESULTS & DISCUSSION Critiques
Caudate Nucleus Lesions: responding do a visual stimulus requires egocentric knowledge of the location of the stimulus.
Many cells responsible for this cognitive ‘roadmap’ are found in the posterior parietal cortex, but this was not addressed.

20. RESULTS & DISCUSSION Critiques
Scott Good
RESULTS & DISCUSSION Critiques
Caudate Nucleus Lesions: Cells in the caudate nucleus respond to other stimuli such as smell, sound and sight.
Lesions in the caudate nucleus would affect these senses, most importantly the rat’s ability to see to respond.

21. RESULTS & DISCUSSION Critiques
Scott Good
RESULTS & DISCUSSION Critiques
Extrastriate Visual Cortex Lesions: mice had difficulty in non-matching to sample tasks
Evidence supports the attribute model

22. RESULTS & DISCUSSION Critiques
Scott Good
RESULTS & DISCUSSION Critiques
Extrastriate Visual Cortex Lesions: object recognition test should have had controls
Comparison to apperceptive agnosia is confusing
Role of hippocampus may have been underestimated for long term memory formation (Squire & Zola-Morgan, 1991)

23. Snir Seitelbach
NEXT STEPS…
Less bias toward one specific model (Kessner is the author of the study and the creator of the attribute model…hmmmm?)
A much larger sample size: study did not have a lot of power
More accurate lesioning
More scientific method for object-discrimination task.

24. REFERENCES
Cave, C.B. & Squire, L.R. (1991). Equivalent impairment of spatial and nonspatial memory following damage to the human hippocampus. Hippocampus 1:
Coyle, J.T., Molliver, M.E., & Kuhar, M.J. (1978). In situ injection of kainic acid: a new method for selectively lesioning neural cell bodies while sparing axons of passage. J Comp Neurol. 180 (2):
Firth, C. D. (2000). Abnormalities in the Awareness and Control of Action. Biological Sciences. 355 (1404):
Howell, D. (2008). Fundamental Statistics for the Behavioural Sciences. Belmont, CA : Thomson/Wadsworth, 6th ed.
Jones, B. & Mishkin, M. (1972). Limbic lesions and the problem of stimulus reinforcement associations. Exp Neurol 36:
McNaughton, B.L., Barnes, C.A., O’Keefe, J. (1983). The contribution of position, direction and velocity to single unit activity in the hippocampus of freely moving rats. Exp Brain Res 52:
Milner, A. D. et. al. (1999). A Paradoxical Improvement of Misreaching in Optic Ataxia: New Evidence for Two Separate Neural Visual Systems for Visual Localization. Biological Sciences. 266 (1434):
Squire, L.R. & Zola-Morgan, S. (1991). The medial temporal lobe memory system. Science. 253:
Tong, F. (2003). Primary Visual Cortex and Visual Awareness. Neuroscience. 4,

25. THANK YOU For Your TIME and ATTENTION!