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Published byEsmond Noel Gilmore Modified over 9 years ago
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Kingdom Fungi Multicellular Heterotrophic Primary decomposers
(except for yeasts) Along with bacteria Some parasitic Some predatory Some form symbiotic relationships All are spore formers
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Fungal Parasites Parasitic to plants Parasitic to animals
Hyphae absorb photosynthetic products Parasitic to animals Hyphae capture and feed on nematodes and protists
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Symbiotic with algae or bacteria
Fungi get food from photosynthesizing algae Algae get protection from drying out
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Kingdom Plantae Food production and O2 Bryophytes – mosses Ferns
Transition from water to land Lack vascular system Ferns Seedless vascular plants; but still need water to fertilize Gymnosperms – conifers (e.g., pines, spruce) Seeds not encased in fruit fertilize by wind-blown pollen Angiosperms – flowering plants Seeds encased in fruit (promote seed dispersal) e.g., flowers, grains, oaks, cactus…
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Kingdom Animalia Multicellular Heterotrophs Lack cell walls Embryology
Blastula stage
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Phylum Porifera Sponges Habitat Body plan = asymmetry Filter feeder
Mostly marine, few freshwater Body plan = asymmetry Filter feeder Cellular level (lacks true tissues and organs) Reproduction Sexual and Asexual
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Phylum Cnidaria (nigh-dare-ia)
Jellyfish, sea anemones, coral Nearly all marine Radial symmetry Two forms: medusa (swimming) and polyp Tissue level Reproduction Sexual and budding Stinging cells cnidocytes
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Phylum Platyhelminthes
Flatworms Marine, freshwater, or moist land Bilateral symmetry Organ level Reproduction: hermaphrodites Asexual and Sexual Many parasitic
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Phylum Nematoda Roundworms All environments Complete gut Reproduction
Have mouth and anus Reproduction Always sexual Many parasitic
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Phylum Mollusca Gastropods (Snails, slugs)
Bivalves (oysters, clams, mussels) Cephalopods (squid, cuttlefish, octopus) Marine, freshwater, moist land Secretes shell Locomotive foot
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Phylum Annelida Segmented worms
Repetitive body parts Hydrostatic skeleton Flexibility and strength Earthworms Leeches Marine, moist land, and some freshwater Bilateral symmetry Some parasitic
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Phylum Arthropoda Insects, spiders, crabs, shrimp, centipedes
Aquatic and land External skeleton Jointed bilateral appendages Segmented body Open circulatory system
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Phylum Echinodermata Spiny skin Sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers
All marine; mostly benthic (sea floor) Radial symmetry Some regenerate asexually
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Phylum chordata Vertebrates, lancelets, sea squirts All environments
Notochord Flexible rod-like structure Dorsal nerve cord Tube for nerves Pharyngeal gill slits Respiration and feeding Post-anal tail Reabsorbed in some species
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Sea squirts Primitive chordate Sessile adults Filter feeder
All chordate characters as free-swimming larva Loses post-anal tail Sessile adults Filter feeder Compound, colonial, or solitary
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Fish Class Chondricthyes Class Osteichthyes Gives rise to tetrapods
Cartilagenous fishes Sharks, rays, and skates Class Osteichthyes Bony fish Gives rise to tetrapods Four-limbed vertebrates Two chamber heart
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Class Amphibia First terrestrial vertebrates Frogs, salamanders, newts
Requires moist environments at least Most lose post anal tail & gill slits External fertilization Three chamber heart
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Class Reptilia Dinosaurs, turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, alligators Evolved from amphibians First sign of amniotic egg Key to transition to land Keeps embryo moist Internal fertilization Tough, scaly skin Prevents desiccation
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Class Aves (Birds) Descendants of reptiles Adapted for flight
Feathers Wings Light bones Flight muscles/breastbone Four-chamber heart Extensive respiratory system
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Class Mammalia Brain sizes are larger per pound of body weight than most other animals'. Mammals have more efficient control over their body temperatures than do birds. Hair provides insulation. Mammary glands provide milk to nourish the young. Teeth are specialized for cutting, shearing or grinding; thick enamel helps prevent teeth from wearing out.
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Order Monotremata Egg laying mammals Australia & New Zealand
Only 2 Families living Platypus Echidna
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Order Marsupialia Pouched mammals
Born in the embryonic stage; finish outside the mothers body (pouch) Largely Australian Koala, Kangaroo, Tasmanian Devil Few North American opossum
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Placental Mammals Embryos nourished by placenta for extended gestation periods 9 mos. = human 2 yrs. = elephant 12 Orders that include: Bats, horses, whales, rodents, cats, dogs, and primates (monkeys, apes, & humans)
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