1. Kingdom Fungi Multicellular Heterotrophic Primary decomposers
(except for yeasts)
Along with bacteria
Some parasitic
Some predatory
Some form symbiotic relationships
All are spore formers

4. Fungal Parasites Parasitic to plants Parasitic to animals
Hyphae absorb photosynthetic products
Parasitic to animals
Hyphae capture and feed on nematodes and protists

5. Symbiotic with algae or bacteria
Fungi get food from photosynthesizing algae
Algae get protection from drying out

6. Kingdom Plantae Food production and O2 Bryophytes – mosses Ferns
Transition from water to land
Lack vascular system
Ferns
Seedless vascular plants; but still need water to fertilize
Gymnosperms – conifers (e.g., pines, spruce)
Seeds not encased in fruit
fertilize by wind-blown pollen
Angiosperms – flowering plants
Seeds encased in fruit (promote seed dispersal)
e.g., flowers, grains, oaks, cactus…

7. Kingdom Animalia Multicellular Heterotrophs Lack cell walls Embryology
Blastula stage

8. Phylum Porifera Sponges Habitat Body plan = asymmetry Filter feeder
Mostly marine, few freshwater
Body plan = asymmetry
Filter feeder
Cellular level (lacks true tissues and organs)
Reproduction
Sexual and Asexual

9. Phylum Cnidaria (nigh-dare-ia)
Jellyfish, sea anemones, coral
Nearly all marine
Radial symmetry
Two forms: medusa (swimming) and polyp
Tissue level
Reproduction
Sexual and budding
Stinging cells
cnidocytes

10. Phylum Platyhelminthes
Flatworms
Marine, freshwater, or moist land
Bilateral symmetry
Organ level
Reproduction: hermaphrodites
Asexual and Sexual
Many parasitic

11. Phylum Nematoda Roundworms All environments Complete gut Reproduction
Have mouth and anus
Reproduction
Always sexual
Many parasitic

12. Phylum Mollusca Gastropods (Snails, slugs)
Bivalves (oysters, clams, mussels)
Cephalopods (squid, cuttlefish, octopus)
Marine, freshwater, moist land
Secretes shell
Locomotive foot

13. Phylum Annelida Segmented worms
Repetitive body parts
Hydrostatic skeleton
Flexibility and strength
Earthworms
Leeches
Marine, moist land, and some freshwater
Bilateral symmetry
Some parasitic

14. Phylum Arthropoda Insects, spiders, crabs, shrimp, centipedes
Aquatic and land
External skeleton
Jointed bilateral appendages
Segmented body
Open circulatory system

15. Phylum Echinodermata Spiny skin Sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers
All marine; mostly benthic (sea floor)
Radial symmetry
Some regenerate asexually

16. Phylum chordata Vertebrates, lancelets, sea squirts All environments
Notochord
Flexible rod-like structure
Dorsal nerve cord
Tube for nerves
Pharyngeal gill slits
Respiration and feeding
Post-anal tail
Reabsorbed in some species

17. Sea squirts Primitive chordate Sessile adults Filter feeder
All chordate characters as free-swimming larva
Loses post-anal tail
Sessile adults
Filter feeder
Compound, colonial, or solitary

18. Fish Class Chondricthyes Class Osteichthyes Gives rise to tetrapods
Cartilagenous fishes
Sharks, rays, and skates
Class Osteichthyes
Bony fish
Gives rise to tetrapods
Four-limbed vertebrates
Two chamber heart

19. Class Amphibia First terrestrial vertebrates Frogs, salamanders, newts
Requires moist environments at least
Most lose post anal tail & gill slits
External fertilization
Three chamber heart

20. Class Reptilia
Dinosaurs, turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, alligators
Evolved from amphibians
First sign of amniotic egg
Key to transition to land
Keeps embryo moist
Internal fertilization
Tough, scaly skin
Prevents desiccation

21. Class Aves (Birds) Descendants of reptiles Adapted for flight
Feathers
Wings
Light bones
Flight muscles/breastbone
Four-chamber heart
Extensive respiratory system

22. Class Mammalia
Brain sizes are larger per pound of body weight than most other animals'.
Mammals have more efficient control over their body temperatures than do birds.
Hair provides insulation.
Mammary glands provide milk to nourish the young.
Teeth are specialized for cutting, shearing or grinding; thick enamel helps prevent teeth from wearing out.

23. Order Monotremata Egg laying mammals Australia & New Zealand
Only 2 Families living
Platypus
Echidna

24. Order Marsupialia Pouched mammals
Born in the embryonic stage; finish outside the mothers body (pouch)
Largely Australian
Koala, Kangaroo, Tasmanian Devil
Few North American
opossum

25. Placental Mammals
Embryos nourished by placenta for extended gestation periods
9 mos. = human
2 yrs. = elephant
12 Orders that include:
Bats, horses, whales, rodents, cats, dogs, and primates (monkeys, apes, & humans)