2. Newest country South Sudan Capital: Juba

3.  The worlds second largest continent  55 Nations; most of any continent  Between two oceans; Atlantic & Indian  Part of major trade routes since ancient times

4.  North Africa – above the Sahara Desert  Linked to the Middle East culturally  West Africa – extends into Atlantic  Part of major slave trade routes to new world  Central Africa – home to Africa’s tropical rain forests  South Africa – crucial to trade b/w oceans  East Africa – Great Rift Valley, fertile land

5.  Africa is a continent of Plateaus  The land made exploration difficult for Europeans  Great Rift Valley – a split in the African Continent  Rich in natural resources  Hard to mine and transport because of the rough terrain  Olduvai Gorge: bone that belonged to the ancestors of modern people

6.  Mountains: edges – Atlas Mts, Drakensberg Range, Mt. Kilimanjaro – highest mountain in Africa  Deserts: Sahara (largest), Kalahari  Coastal Plains

7.  Usage  Provides Food  Transportation  Irrigation  Hydroelectric Power  Major Rivers  Nile  Zaire (Congo)  Niger  Zambezi

8.  Longest river in the world  4,160 miles long  That is flying from California and back  Home to early civilization  Aswan High Dam  Over 11,000 feet tall and 10 feet thick  Pros – Hydroelectric Power, Irrigation  Cons – Farmers upstream need fertilizer now

9.  Central Africa  Provides Hydroelectric Power  Can’t be navigated by boats  Poor Trade

10.  West Africa  Provides water for irrigation  Predictable Flooding  Food Crisis

11.  South Africa  Victoria Falls  1 mile wide  420 feet high  Located b/w Zambia and Zimbabwe  Kariba Dam  Provides Hydroelectric Power

13.  Gold and Diamonds in African Rivers  Europeans mined much of their gold from West Africa beginning in the Age of Discovery  Power-Wealth- Trade

16.  Copper  Zaire and Zambia  Platinum and Cobalt  South Africa, Zaire, and Botswana  Oil  Nigeria, Botswana, Libya, Algeria, and Gabon  Profits from African Nations often end up in other foreign countries

17.  Societies developed near water sources  Farming, Hunting & Gathering, Herding, Fishing, & Industry  Major urban areas developed on:  Mediterranean Coast  Western Savannas  East Coast

18.  Over 1,000 Languages  Groups few miles apart speak different languages  Small tribes migrated constantly and used their own language  Trade and diffusion create new languages

19.  Work on only section 1 in the packet  These are the first two pages front and back.