1. 4.1.1 Biodiversity 4.1.1 Define the terms biodiversity, genetic diversity, species diversity and habitat diversity.

2. Biodiversity The amount of biological diversity per unit area. Influenced by climate (what is the most diverse biome?) It includes: genetic, habitat and species diversity

3. Genetic Diversity Is the total number of genetic characteristics of a specific species within a population.

4. Species Diversity Is the number of species or organisms per unit area found in different habitats of the planet.

5. Habitat Diversity Variety of forests, deserts, grasslands, lakes, oceans, coral reefs, wetlands, and other biological communities, (niches per unit area). If habitat diversity is conserved than this usually leads to the conservation of species and genetic diversity.

6. Why is biodiversity important?  Diversity = stability  Nature’s insurance policy against change  The source of all natural capital for human use  The way chemical materials are cycled and purified  The end result of millions of years of evolution and irreplaceable

7. The 19 Most Biodiverse countries in the world. What is the Problem with this?

8. Biodiversity Hotspots need special consideration

9. HOTSPOTS:  These areas need emergency conservation attention  Especially rich in endemic plant and animal species (found nowhere else in the world)  They cover on 1.4% of world land area  Mostly tropical forests  Contain 60% of identified terrestrial biodiversity  55% of all primates, 22% of all carnivores  1.1 billion people living in poverty near these sites  $500 million annually would go far to ensure their preservation

10. State of US species.

11. Projected Status of Biodiversity 1998–2018 Critical and endangeredThreatenedStable or intact ANTARCTICA NORTH AMERICA EUROPE AFRICA ASIA SOUTH AMERICA AUSTRALIA Pacific Ocean Antarctic Circle Pacific Ocean Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Indian Ocean Atlantic Ocean 150°90°60°E0°30°W90°120°150°0° 60° 30°N 30°S 60° Arctic Circle

12. Why Should We Care About Biodiversity? Instrumental value: Usefulness to us Intrinsic Value: because they exist (rather useful or not to us).

13. Goods  Food, fuel, ecosystems, species, fiber, lumber, paper, …  90% of today’s food crops  40% of all medicines (85% of antibiotics) Foxglove Digitalis purpurea, Europe Digitalis for heart failure Pacific yew Taxus brevifolia, Pacific Northwest Ovarian cancer

14. Biological Value:  Flow of materials, energy, and information in the biosphere  Photosynthesis  Pollination  Soil formation and maintenance  Nutrient recycling  Moderation of weather extremes  Purification of air and water

15. Genetic Value:  Genetic information: adaptation and evolution  Genetic information for genetic engineering  Educational and scientific information

16. Recreation:  Existence  Aesthetic  Protect natural capital for future generations Nonutilitarian: Hunting, fishing, swimming, scuba diving, water skiing,.... Eco-tourism