1. Chapter 23: The Concert of Europe
Decembrist Revolt: St. Petersburg (December 26, 1825)
Day 39
McKay , Palmer &.55

2. Age of Metternich Burschenschaft member Carl Sand Executed
Congress of Troppau discuss Revolution in Naples
Greek Independence
Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818) pulls army of occupation out of France
Revolutions of 1848
The Dike Breaks
Decembrist Revolt
Congress of Vienna
-The Dike is Created
Congress of Verona

3. Congress of Vienna,
All states of Europe sent reps (even former HRE)
Talleyrand (Louis 18 minister) represented France
Important matters would be decided by 4 great powers (Quadruple Alliance)
Castlereagh (GB), Metternich (Austria), and Alexander (Russia), Hardenberg (Prussia)
Prussians want land
Alex wants Poland, constitutionalism in Europe, and some type of security pact (NATO)
Castlereagh, Metternich, Talleyrand (France) seek bal of power
Want to stop Universal Monarchy & imperialist system within Europe
“Balance of Power” & Legitimacy key diplomatic buzzwords
Believed that shifting “souls” (people and territory) around to create a balance
Metternich

4. Congress of Vienna, 1814-1815 Continued
France is still viewed as biggest threat
Barrier of strong states is erected around France
Dutch Republic becomes the Netherlands (under House of Orange)& is expanded to include Austrian Netherlands (Belgium)
Kingdom of Piedmont restored & expanded with Genoa
Prussia gets the left bank of the Rhine a "sentinel (a lookout) on the Rhine"
Austria gets Tuscany, Milan, Venice, Lombardy
These moves are meant to block both France and Russian hegemony
Consolidation under Napoleon is left in place
Confederation of the Rhine renamed German Confederation
Pope receives the rest of Italy (Papal States)
In Spain the Bourbons are restored

6. Second Treaty of Paris Harsh peace for France
France is forced to pay and indemnity 700,000,000 francs
Army of occupation is placed in France to keep France in line
No Bonaparte should ever govern France
Future congresses would be called to review the political situation of Europe
Quadruple Alliance of Chaumont is reconfirmed in Nov.
The Holy Alliance
Alexander proposes an alliance to uphold “Christian principles of charity and peace”
He meant it as a condemnation of violence
All sign except the Pope, the Ottoman sultan, and the regent of Great Britain
Later becomes a symbol of unholy monarchies against liberty and progress
IE. Symbol of Repression
final document of the Congress of Vienna, signed on June 9, 1815, to establish lasting peace in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars

7. Congress of Vienna Polish-Saxon Question
Prussians and the Russians demanded Saxony and Poland
threatened the balance
Austria refused to give up its slice of Poland and feared a powerful Prussia
Castlereagh, Metternich, and (French) Talleyrand
Leaked information that they had a secret treaty of alliance together
forced Russia and Prussia into a compromise
Russia got part of Poland and Prussia received two-fifths of Saxony

9. Congress (Metternich) System
Congress of Vienna
Great powers (Austria, GB, Russia, Prussia)(later France) agreed to work in “Concert” to stop growing Isms from spreading
Known as Metternich System
Chief diplomatic paradigm from ( )
Very Conservative
Feared liberalism, nationalism, republicanism
Feared nationalism the most
“a war of all against all”
Goals
Contain France
Restore “legitimate” monarchs
Maintain balance of power
Maintain peace
Stop “Isms” from spreading

10. Metternich and Conservatism
Characterized by Intervention and repression
Under Metternich, Austria, Prussia, and Russia led a crusade against liberalism & nationalism
formed Holy Alliance to check future liberal and revolutionary activity
Novel idea (precursor to League of Nations and United Nations)
Europe’s Great Powers agreed to intervene to restore order but not to acquire territory
Also known as the Concert of Europe
Must work in concert with all the Great Powers
“Dike” trying to hold back the “flood” of Isms
believed best state blended monarchy, bureaucracy, and aristocracy (not absolutism but more Montesquieuesque)
Liberalism + nationalism+romanticism = trouble for conservatism (before 1850)
Austrian Empire
contained many ethnic groups, including Germans, Hungarians, Poles, Slovaks, Croats, Italians and Czechs

11. Prince von Metternich. Political Confession of Faith (1820)
The Source of the Evil
France had the misfortune to produce the greatest number of these men. It is in her midst that religion and all that she holds sacred, that morality and authority, and all connected with them, have been attacked with a steady and systematic animosity, and it is there that the weapon of ridicule has been used with the most ease and success. Drag through the mud the name of God and the powers instituted by His divine decrees, and the revolution will be prepared! Speak of a social contract, and the revolution is accomplished! …
Nevertheless the revolutionary seed had penetrated into every country and spread more or less. It was greatly developed under the régime of the military despotism of Bonaparte. His conquests displaced a number of laws, institutions, and customs; broke through bonds sacred among all nations, strong enough to resist time itself; which is more than can be said of certain benefits conferred by these innovators. From these perturbations it followed that the revolutionary spirit could in Germany, Italy, and later on in Spain, easily hide itself under the veil of patriotism…
We are convinced that society can no longer be saved without strong and vigorous resolutions on the part of the Governments still free in their opinions and actions. We are also convinced that this may yet be, if the Governments face the truth, if they free themselves from all illusion, if they join their ranks and take their stand on a line of correct, unambiguous, and frankly announced principles.
The first principle to be followed by the monarchs, … should be that of maintaining the stability of political institutions against the disorganised excitement which has taken possession of men's minds- the immutability of principles against the madness of their interpretation; and respect for laws actually in force against a desire for their destruction....
Let them be just, but strong; beneficent, but strict.
Let them maintain religious principles in all their purity, and not allow the faith to be attacked and morality interpreted according to the social contract or the visions of foolish sectarians.
Let them suppress Secret Societies, that gangrene of society.

12. Reaction after 1815: The German States
Germany was left as a loose association of independent states (Bund)
Nationalism began to grow in universities
Volksgeist and Deutschtum (German Culture) are commonly discussed
students formed Burschenschaft in 1815 which were clubs of serious political discussion
a kind of German youth movement
held congress at Wartburg in 1817 listened to rousing speeches, marched in Teutonic costumes
Burschenschaft member Karl Sand assassinated conservative dramatist August von Kotzebue for ridiculing Burschenschaftens
Martyred after his execution
Metternich issues the Carlsbad Decrees (1819)
Dissolved the Burschenschaft and gymnastic clubs
Placed government officials in the universities
Censored books and newspapers
Repression becomes the status quo

13. The Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1818
Met to discuss the withdraw army of occupation from France
France had paid reparations
Army of occupation withdrawn
Accepted France as nation in good standing
Alexander I
most advanced internationalists of the day
Also flirted with liberalism (constitutionalism)
"universal union of guarantee"
suggested that a permanent European union with international military force be formed to safeguard ALL recognized states
blocked by British reservations about long-term military commitments (like Wilson’s League of Nations)
GB more concerned with preserving its colonies
Reason why Monroe Doctrine worked

14. The Congress of Troppau, 1820
Carbonari (secret Italian liberal society) had great influence over army
Liberal general forced Bourbon King Ferdinand to take oath to constitutionalism
Modeled on the Spanish Constitution of 1812
Metternich gets nervous and calls the Congress of Troppau to block spread of liberalism
Metternich reviews horrors of revolution to Alexander
Today I deplore everything that I have said and done between the years 1814 and Tell me what you want of me. I will do it. Alex I
Alexander shifts away from support of constitutionalists to the Conservatives
Should be granted by monarchs not extorted by revolutionaries
Metternich drafts the Protocol of Trouppau
Said that stable governments have the right to intervene to restore order in countries experiencing revolution
Russia, Prussia and Austria sign it
Protocol claims the right to intervene in other nations if revolution threatens “European Alliance”
Neapolitan (Naples) revolution is put down and Bourbons are restored

15. The Congress of Verona, 1822
Many revolutionaries and liberals fled terror in Italy and went to Spain
Alexander Ypsilanti, a Greek, military man who served Russia led armed followers from Russia to Romania hoping to lead Greek rebellion with Russian support (1821)
Metternich got nervous again
Called for Congress of Verona
Alexander (now a conservative) refused to support Ypsilanti who was defeated by Turks
France under Louis XVIII invaded Spain with 200 thousand
Crushed liberal revolution
Church and King are restored under Ferdinand VII
Revolutionaries were savagely persecuted
Alexander Ypsilanti ( )
Ferdinand VII of Spain

16. The Greek Revolution of 1821
Revolution of independence broke out in Greece in 1821
Part of the Ottoman Empire
Romantic and liberal propaganda (philhellenic societies) call for action
Viewed Revolution as rebirth of original democracy
Major Issues
Eastern Question- (weakness and unstable Ottoman Empire) had long troubled Europe
Land- Russia and Austria want
Trade- France and GB
Christianity- Did not like idea that fellow Christians were mistreated by Islamic Ottoman Empire
Isms- did not want to encourage isms
Treaty of London (1827)
GB, France, Russia Demanded Ottoman recognition of Greek independence
Sent troops and a fleet
Greek independent 1830
Massacre at Chios (1824) by Eugène Delacroix

17. Massacre at Chios (1824) by Eugène Delacroix

18. Russia: The Decembrist revolt 1825
Alexander I died in 1825
Some Russian officers who had fought in W. Europe were influence by liberalism
Major Issues
Constitutionalism
Republicanism
Emancipation of the serfs
There was uncertainty which of his 2 brothers would succeed him (Constantine or Nicholas)
Army preferred Constantine (Constantine and Constitution)
Uneducated soldiers thought Constitution was the name of his wife!

19. Decembrist Revolt (1825)
Liberal Officers (Decembrist) led an uprising in Dec
Constantine had already deferred to Nicholas
Nicholas I ( ) put down Decembrist revolt harshly
Had rebellious officers hanged or sent to Siberia work camps
Overall response is to clamp down on Russia
Revolt foreshadows the Russian Revolution
Ten years after Napoleon the conservative reaction seems to be holding back the flood of liberalism

20. The End of the Congress System
failed to make progress toward an international order
Stood for nothing but repression & status quo
Made no attempt at accommodating new Isms emerging in Europe
No efforts at relieving revolutionary sentiments with reform
Repressed or punished all revolutionary agitation
Propped up governments that could not stand on their own (Spain)
The Dike starts to leak

21. Concert of Europe
Liberalism
Nationalism
1848
Constitutionalism