1. Chapter 18: The 18 th Century: European States, International Wars and Social Change Part 2: War and Diplomacy

2. Thoughts on War ► Philosophes  Foolish waste of live ► Balance of Power ► Expansion of Territory ► Goal of Diplomacy  Protect what power they have ► “Reason of State”  Frederick II and William Pitt the Elder focus on future

3. International Rivalry and Centralization ► Taxes were needed to support military ► More government was needed to manage money ► Armies mean war, not diplomacy ► Peace reigned from 1715 – 1740 for the most part

4. Charles VI and his daughter Maria Theresa

5. War of Austrian Succession: set up ► Charles VI (Habsburg) dies with no male heir ► Presses Europe to pass Pragmatic Sanction to allow Maria Theresa to inherit ► Fredrick II takes advantage, seizes Silesia ► France jumps in due to dislike of Austria ► Great Britain jumps in not wanted France to have to much power

6. Fighting over Austrian Succession ► Europe ► India  French took Madras from Great Britain ► North America  Great Britain captures Louisburg from France ► 1748 all are exhausted ► Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle  Everything back to original owners except Silesia ► 1748 all exhausted

7. Seven Years War Team Frederick II ► Prussia ► Great Brittan ► Maria Theresa is MAD! ► Sends Count Wenzel von Kaunitz to France to win their alliance away from Prussia Team Maria Theresa ► France ► Austria ► Russia versus

8. Battles of Seven Years War ► Europe  Team Fred wins big victory at Battle of Rossbach in Saxony  Russia withdraws when Peter the Great takes over (he admires Frederick II) ► India  Britain vs. France with GB winning due to persistence of Sir Robert Clive ► North America  William Pitt the Elder wants to crush French colonies  Gulf of St. Lawrence and Ohio River Valley  Both important Generals died

9. End of Seven Years War ► Peace of Hubertusburg 1763  All territory returned to Austria except  Silesia to Prussia (Austria agreed this time) ► Treaty of Paris  Great Britain gets Canada and West of Mississippi  Spain (ally of France) gave Florida to GB  France gives Louisiana to Spain

10. European Armies and Warfare ► Larger, professional and standing ► Ranks mirrored classes ► GB still used Mercenaries ► France and Austria had 6 year terms ► Volunteer and pressed

11. European Armies and Warfare ► Navies now seen as more important ► Major problems  Scurvy  Yellow fever  Press gangs

12. Warfare ► Not more destructive  Not fighting over ideologies  More taxes = more respect for property  Specific, limited objectives ► Procedures  Maneuvering more important than brute force or size  Set ways to withdraw without death or POW  Building of fortresses and laying of sieges