1. The Enlightenment and Revolution Chapter Six

2. Why it Matters Now  Scientific advances are still used today  Scientific Method, use of vaccines  Freedoms we enjoy today are a result of the Enlightenment  Enlightenment arts and music are still expressed today  Novels and classical music  Tension between religious and scientific communities still exist today

3. The Scientific Revolution  Roots of Modern Science  Most knowledge during the Middle Ages came from the Bible, Greeks, and Romans  The Medieval View – most scholars believed that the earth was an immovable object located at the center of the universe  The Geocentric View – earth centered view of the universe. This idea cam from Aristotle, the 4 th century Greek Philosopher. This was expanded by Ptolemy in the 2 nd century AD.

4. Geocentric

5. What Was the Scientific Revolution?  – was a new way of thinking about the natural world which began in the 1500s. This was based upon careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs.  Scientific Revolution – was a new way of thinking about the natural world which began in the 1500s. This was based upon careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs.  A combination of discoveries and circumstances led to the SR and helped spread it’s impact…..

6. What Were the Causes of the Scientific Revolution???? 1. During the Renaissance European explorers traveled to Africa, Asia and the Americas. Discoveries made there led the Europeans to believe that new truths were to be found. 2. The invention of the printing press helped to spread challenging ideas 3. The Age of Exploration helped to fuel a great deal of scientific research in astronomy and mathematics. 4. As scientists began to look more closely they made observations that didn’t match ancient beliefs.

7. Copernicus & The Heliocentric Theory  Nicolaus Copernicus – Polish astronomer of the early 1500s. He developed the heliocentric view of the universe  Heliocentric Theory – sun-centered view of the universe.  He published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies in 1543.  This caused a major stir after his death when other scientists began to build on his theory

8. Copernicus and his Theory

9. Others Build on Copernicus’ Theory  Tycho Brahe – Danish astronomer, recorded the movement of the planets for decades and produced a large amount of data. Died in 1601  Johannes Kepler – Brahe’s assistant determined that the planets revolve around the sun in “elliptical orbits”. His mathematical laws proved that Copernicus’ theory was true.

11. Galileo Galilei  Italian Scientist who built his own telescope in 1609  1610 published Starry Messenger  Announced that Jupiter had 4 moons & that the moon had a rough not a smooth surface.  His findings frightened both Catholics and Protestants  1632 published Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems. Supported Copernicus  The Pope summoned him to the Inquisition in 1633. Under the torture of threat forced him to recant his findings.  Lived on house arrest until his death in 1642

12. Galileo

14. The Scientific Method  Developed by Bacon & Descartes  Thinkers Bacon and Descartes help to create the Scientific Method in the 1600s  Bacon, an English writer urged scientists to experiment, or use the “experimental method”  Descartes, a French mathematician, suggested using mathematical data and believed that everything should be doubted until proven. “I think, therefore I am”.

15. Newton Explains the Laws of Gravity  Isaac Newton was an English scientist  His great discovery was that the same force ruled the motion of the planets and all matter on earth = gravity  Every object in the universe attracts every other object  1687 – The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy

16. Isaac Newton

17. The Scientific Revolution Spreads  Zacharias Janseen – Dutch eyeglass maker invented the first microscope in 1590  Anton von Leeuwenhoek – Dutch scientist used the microscope to observe bacteria and the red blood cells  Evangelista Torricelli – a student of Galileo’s developed the mercury barometer in 1643  Gabriel Fahrenheit – 1714 German Physicist made the first glass thermometer. Freezing = 32 degrees  Anders Celsius – Swedish astronomer created another scale for temperature in 1742. Freezing = 0 degrees

18. Medicine and the Human Body  Andreas Vesalius- Flemish physician dissected human corpses. 1543 On the Structure of the Human Body, contained detailed drawings of the human anatomy  Edward Jenner – English physician late 1700s Produces the world’s first vaccine – smallpox. He used germs from the “cowpox” disease  Robert Boyle – (England) Considered the founder of modern chemistry. Challenged Aristotle’s notion that the world was made up of 4 elements – earth, air, fire and water. Proposed that matter was made up of smaller particles

19. Vesalius’s Anatomical Drawings

21. Edward Jenner Robert Boyle

22. THE ENLIGHTENMENT PART II

23. What was the Enlightenment?  What does it mean to be enlightened??  Sparked by the new ways of thinking used in the world of Science  Scholars and philosophers of the time sought new insight regarding government, religion, economics & education  The Enlightenment – a new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of the individual to solve problems. Also known as the Age of Reason.

24. Hobbes and Locke  The Enlightenment started with the ideas of these two men  Thomas Hobbes (Leviathan, 1651)  Favored a strong absolute monarchy  People are naturally greedy and selfish and should be treated as such  “Social Contract” – order by giving power to a monarch

26. John Locke  John Locke  Two Treatises on Government, 1690  Government gets power from the people & all people are born equal  Government must protect people’s “natural rights”  “Life, Liberty, and Property”  People have the right to overthrow an unjust government  Fundamental to US DOI

27. Review Question  Look back in your note-taking guide & answer the following question: What was the Enlightenment period? How did the philosophies of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke differ?

28. The Enlightenment in Europe  Views on Government  Old way of thinking – absolute monarchy  New way of thinking – democratic ideas

29. Who Were the Philosophes?  The Philosophes  French social critics in the mid 1700s  They valued reason, nature, happiness progress, & liberty  Wrote essays and novels on politics and society  Philosophes were not activists, but inspired others

30. The Philosophes  Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet)  Published 70 books, famous for the use of satire  Imprisoned twice for his views  Champion of freedom of speech and religious toleration  Influenced US Bill of Rights, and French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen  Baron de Montesquieu  Favored the separation of powers in government  On the Spirit of Laws, 1748  France, US and some Latin American countries use separation of powers  Rousseau  Favored individual freedom and direct democracy  Free people form a government (social contract)  Heavily influenced the French Revolution

31. Voltaire

32. The Enlightenment causes an increase in Education

33. The Enlightenment in Europe The Enlightenment in Europe

34. Other Important Thinkers  Cesare Beccaria - Italian philosophe who believed that laws are made to protect citizens not avenge crimes  Beccaria also believed that the punishment should fit the crime and capital punishment should be abolished  Beccaria’s ideas influenced law reformers in Europe and N.America  Mary Wollstonecraft - A Vindication of the Rights of Women 1792. Fought for women’s rights in education and occupations

35. The Enlightenment Spreads  The city of Paris was the center of the Enlightenment  Had many salons  Gatherings of the intellectual, social, political, and cultural elites  Discussions about ideas and philosophy  Denis Diderot – Encyclopedia  Set of books on Enlightenment ideas  Angers the French government and Church  Spreads Enlightenment ideas throughout Europe

36. A Parisian Salon

37. Madame Geoffrin and her Salon

38. Denis Diderot

40. Private collections were the original museums

41. New Artistic Styles  Music  More elegant and lighter, classical music  Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig von Beethoven  Painting  Baroque style (1600-1700s)  Grand and ornate design  Neoclassical style (late 1700s)  Simple elegant style borrowed ideas from ancient Rome and Greece

42. Beethoven

43. Mozart

44. Baroque

45. Neoclassical

46. Enlightenment Literature  Books were very expensive  About one day’s pay  Many people would share literature  Novels, plays, journals, newspapers, and pamphlets

48. Enlightenment and Monarchy Enlightened Despots  Monarchs who embrace Enlightenment ideas and values to strengthen their rule

49. Enlightened Despots  Frederick the Great of Prussia  Reforms education and justice system  Grants religious freedom, abolishes torture

50. Enlightened Despots  Joseph II of Austria  Freedom of worship and the press  Abolishes serfdom (reinstated after his death)

51. Enlightenment and Monarchy (cont)  Catherine the Great of Russia  Expands Russian Empire (seizes Poland)  Gains port access thru Black Sea  Tries, but fails to:  Abolish capital punishment  Reform the Legal System  Abolish torture  Gives nobles more power over serfs  Serfs tried to revolt – Catherine brutally put it down

52. Catherine the Great

53. The Partition of Poland

54. Russian Expansion under Catherine

55. The Enlightenment influences The American Revolution   Colonial leaders used the enlightenment ideas to justify independence   1776 Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson was based in the ideas of John Locke   Locke asserted that people had the right to rebel against an unjust ruler, so the DOI included a list of King George the III’s abuses