1. Chapter Four Federalism

2. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 4-2 Enduring Questions What is “sovereignty” and where is it located in the United States government? How does the Constitution divide power between the state and federal governments? How has that division changed since the first days of the republic?

3. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 4-3 Governmental Structure/Federalism: Good or Bad? Federalism: Good or bad? Views of federalism Increased political activity is most obvious effect of federalism

4. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 4-4 Figure 4.1: Lines of Power in Three Systems of Government

5. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 4-5 The Founding A bold, new plan to protect liberty Elastic language

6. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 4-6 The History of Federalism Civil War outcome The Supreme Court speaks Nullification and war Dual federalism Supreme Court rulings in recent years

7. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 4-7 The Division of Powers: Federal and State States (and local governments) have predominant authority over three governmental services This authority protected by popular beliefs and localistic Congress Federal court rulings and federal grants weaken local control

8. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 4-8 Fiscal Federalism Grants-in-aid Rise of federal activism The intergovernmental lobby Categorical grants versus block grants

9. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 4-9 Figure 4.2: The Changing Purposes of Federal Grants to State and Local Governments Source: Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2003, Table 438.

10. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 4-10 Table 4.1: Federal Aid to State and Local Governments, 1955–2002

11. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 4-11 Table 4.2: Some State and Local Government Lobbies in Washington

12. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 4-12 Devolution Defined: Returning federal functions to the states Republican majorities in Congress since 1994 have shifted some important programs back to the states

13. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 4-13 Federal Aid and Federal Control Mandates Conditions of aid Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 Rivalry among the states Federalism and public policy

14. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 4-14 Evaluating Federalism Federal/state officials must bargain to resolve programs Presidents have tried to reverse this “national trend” Reform by allocating federal and state functions more clearly?

15. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 4-15 Reconsidering the Enduring Questions What is “sovereignty” and where is it located in the United States government? How does the Constitution divide power between the state and federal governments? How has that division changed since the first days of the republic?