1. Prepared by The Brookings Center on Children and Families 1 1. End Cash Entitlement 2. Block Grant Funding 3. Work Requirements 4. Sanctions 5. 5-Year Time Limit Five Components of TANF

2. Prepared by The Brookings Center on Children and Families 2 AFDC/TANF Caseload, 1962-2006* Note: 2006 is preliminary Sources: Congressional Research Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, http://www.acf.dhhs.gov/programs/ofa/caseload/caseloadindex.htm#2005 (2002-2006), http://aspe.hhs.gov/HSP/indicators03/apa.htm#ttanf1( 1962-2001) 1.83

3. Prepared by The Brookings Center on Children and Families 3 Percentage of Married, Single, and Never-Married Mothers Working, 1985-2005 Source: Gary Burtless, The Brookings Institution, unpublished calculations using U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics data. 62.0 69.3 66.0

4. Prepared by The Brookings Center on Children and Families 4 Earnings Increase, Welfare Income Falls for Bottom Two Fifths of Female-Headed Families, 1993-2004 Source: Richard Bavier with U.S. Census Bureau data (Welfare income is cash, school lunch, food stamps, and housing; constant 2003 dollars).

5. Prepared by The Brookings Center on Children and Families 5 Children in Poverty and People in Poverty, 1980-2005 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States, Current Population Reports, August 2006. 17.6% 12.6%

6. Prepared by The Brookings Center on Children and Families 6 Poverty in Female-Headed Households and Married-Couple Households, 1974-2005 Source: U.S. Census Bureau 36.2% 6.5% 43.7% 6.0%

7. Prepared by The Brookings Center on Children and Families 7 Source: Ken Land, Duke University, Child and Youth Well-Being Index, available at http://www.soc.duke.edu/~cwi/ Child and Youth Well-Being Index, 1975 – 2004 with Projections for 2005

8. Prepared by The Brookings Center on Children and Families 8 Support for Working Families Increases Dramatically, 1984-1999 Source: Congressional Budget Office, Policy Changes Affecting Mandatory Spending for Low-Income Families Not Receiving Welfare, 1998. $5.6 $51.7 Spending in 1999 under: 1984 Law 1999 Law

9. Prepared by The Brookings Center on Children and Families 9 Poverty Rates for Children Living with Unmarried Mothers Before and After Government Programs Source: Green Book, 2004. Table H-21.

10. Prepared by The Brookings Center on Children and Families 10 Poor malesPoor males Floundering familiesFloundering families Job retention and advancementJob retention and advancement Problems

11. Prepared by The Brookings Center on Children and Families 11 Personal responsibilityPersonal responsibility FederalismFederalism Market compatibleMarket compatible Permanent work subsidiesPermanent work subsidies Welfare Reform Principles