1. 10.6.2 The Middle East and the Ottoman Empire in World War I

2. What was the Ottoman Empire?

3. The Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453

5. Constantinople became Istanbul

6. The Eastern Roman Empire became an Islamic Empire

7. Lasted and Grew for 400 years

11. Tunisia Libya Egypt Bulgaria Romania Sebia But, they began to lose territory and by 1912, half of their empire had been lost

15. In 1908, reform-minded Turkish nationalists - “Young Turks” - took control of Turkey

16. They established a constitutional government hoping to halt their country’s steady decline

17. Turkish government leaders were impressed by German industrial and military power

18. The Ottomans saw World War I as an opportunity to regain lost territories and incorporate new lands into their empire. The Ottomans saw World War I as an opportunity to regain lost territories and incorporate new lands into their empire.

19. The Sultan declared a military jihad ( holy war ) against the Allied Powers [ Russia, France, Britain ] November of 1914

20. 600,000 troops in the Ottoman/Turkish army were a serious threat to the British

21. 1915, at Gallipoli, the British suffered heavy losses

22. 1916 The British used bribery, diplomacy, and false promises to encouraged an Arab uprising against the Ottoman Turks

23. T.E. “Lawrence of Arabia”

24. Arab leaders hoped they could win independence from the Ottoman Empire if they fought with the British Arab leaders hoped they could win independence from the Ottoman Empire if they fought with the British

25. The British also promised the Jews a homeland in Palestine

26. Britain used troops from Australia and New Zealand to conquer Jerusalem

27. Replacement troops came from India, Burma, and the West Indies

29. By 1918, the Ottoman Empire was defeated

30. The people and territories formerly ruled by the Ottoman Sultan were divided into several new nations

31. Britain occupied territory that would become Iraq, Palestine, Trans-Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon

32. The British rescinded their promises of independence from the Arabs and redrew boundaries in the Middle East, establishing new countries.

33. Faisal I, crowned King of Syria in 1920

34. Mehmed VI, last Sultan of the Ottoman State, exiled in 1922

35. Turkish nationalists led a successful 5 year fight for independence, establishing modern Turkey in 1923

36. Arab nationalists believed the British acted with arrogance, drawing borders with little or no regard for the local inhabitants.

37. The settlement continues to be a source of instability and conflict today