1. Happy Tuesday! Bellwork: October 28 Write the following question and your answers on a bellwork page. In what organelle does transcription occur in the cell? In what organelle does translation occur?

2. Science Fact of the Day: Fingernails grow four times as fast as toenails.

3. Let’s get ready! Title: DNA Mutations Date: 10-28-14 Essential Question: How can I identify changes in DNA?

4. Standard: identify and illustrate changes in DNA (B.6E) Essential Question: How can I identify changes in DNA?

6. Think about it: What happens if our DNA gets messed up?

7. Types of Mutations

8. Mutations: changes in genetic material May be caused by: mistakes in DNA replication mistakes in transcription environmental factors (like radiation)

9. Point mutation: involves a change in a single base called substitution three types: silent: results in no change to the protein missense: results in one wrong amino acid nonsense: results in an early stop Which type of point mutation is this?

10. Frameshift mutation: involves a change that affects the entire amino acid sequence three types: insertion: an extra base is added deletion: a base is subtracted duplication: an entire codon is repeated

11. Genetic Mutations: Your Name 1.Copy the chart below. 2.Write your name in the first box. 3.Put a box around each codon. 4.Fill in the rest of the start by doing the mutation. 5.Put a box around each codon after the mutation. Name:T I F F A N Y J O Y J O N E S Insertion (add a base into the sequence) T I F F A N Y Z J O Y J O N E S Deletion (take a base away) Substitution (take out a base and put a different one in its place

12. Think-Pair-Share Which would more likely have a bigger effect on an organism, a point mutation or frameshift mutation? Why?

13. mutation point frameshift protein frameshiftmutation pointprotein

14. Quickwrite Answer the following question in your journal: – If you have a mutation in a body cell (skin, stomach, bone, etc.), can you pass that mutation on to your children? Why or why not?

15. Do you know of any diseases caused by genetic mutations?

16. Sickle Cell Anemia These are the sickle-shaped blood cells of someone with sickle cell anemia. Sickle cell anemia is the result of a point mutation, a change in just one nucleotide in the gene for hemoglobin. This mutation causes the hemoglobin in red blood cells to distort to a sickle shape when deoxygenated. The sickle- shaped blood cells clog in the capillaries, cutting off circulation. Having two copies of the mutated genes cause sickle cell anemia, but having just one copy does not, and can actually protect against malaria - an example of how mutations are sometimes beneficial.

17. Color Blindness Most forms are caused by a point mutation on the X chromosome. What number do you see? A color blind person won’t see anything. A color deficient person may see the number 35

18. Achondroplasia This is the most common form of dwarfism. It is caused by a substitution mutation for the gene that codes for bone growth.