1. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. René Van Grieken and Pilar Ortiz - UA- University of Antwerp - Belgium Educational Toolkit DECAY AND ENVIRONMENT Module 3 Basic Course Teaching Material Topic3.2 Atmosphere: Gas Pollution

2. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. René Van Grieken and Pilar Ortiz - UA- University of Antwerp - Belgium Copyright ©ELAICH Beneficiaries 2009-2012 This material is an integral part of the “ELAICH – educational toolkit” and developed as part of the project ELAICH – Educational Linkage Approach in Cultural Heritage within the framework of EuroMed Cultural Heritage 4 Programme under grant agreement ENPI 150583. All rights reserved to the ELAICH Beneficiaries. This material, in its entirety only, may be used in "fair use" only as part of the ELAICH – educational toolkit for the educational purposes by non-profit educational establishments or in self-education, by any means at all times and on any downloads, copies and or, adaptations, clearly indicating “©ELAICH Beneficiaries 2009-2011” and making reference to these terms. Use of the material amounting to a distortion or mutilation of the material or is otherwise prejudicial to the honor or reputation of ELAICH Beneficiaries 2009-2011 is forbidden. Use of parts of the material is strictly forbidden. No part of this material may be: (1) used other than intended (2) copied, reproduced or distributed in any physical or electronic form (3) reproduced in any publication of any kind (4) used as part of any other teaching material in any framework; unless prior written permission of the ELAICH Beneficiaries has been obtained. Disclaimer This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of the ELAICH Consortium and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the European Union.

3. Abstract Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. René Van Grieken and Pilar Ortiz - UA- University of Antwerp - Belgium Welcome to Module 3 of ELAICH, You will analysis our atmosphere and the gas pollution effects. FOLLOW US!!!!!

4. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. René Van Grieken and Pilar Ortiz - UA- University of Antwerp - Belgium Atmosphere The layer of gas surrounding the earth: more than half of its mass is concentrated below 5.5 km and 75% in the first 11 km. Protects life on Earth: UV absorbing ozone layer Reduces the temperature differences

5. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. René Van Grieken and Pilar Ortiz - UA- University of Antwerp - Belgium Air pollution: The presence in the air of substances or energy forms that involve serious risk or discomfort to people and property of any kind.

6. WHICH AIR POLLUTANTS SHOULD WE TALK ABOUT ? Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. René Van Grieken and Pilar Ortiz - UA- University of Antwerp - Belgium

7. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. René Van Grieken and Pilar Ortiz - UA- University of Antwerp - Belgium Gas contaminants Gas, in sufficient quantities, cause measurable effects on humans, animals, vegetation or materials: sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone Also: atmospheric particles are important (natural and pollution)

8. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. René Van Grieken and Pilar Ortiz - UA- University of Antwerp - Belgium Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) Natural H 2 S and (CH 3 ) 2 S are slowly oxidized in the atmosphere to SO 2. Much SO 2 is from anthropogenic sources; the combustion of S-containing fuels. Sulphur is an impurity in fossil fuels: Upon burning: S + O 2 ↔ SO 2

9. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. René Van Grieken and Pilar Ortiz - UA- University of Antwerp - Belgium Sources of Sulphur Dioxide (SO 2 ) in UK

10. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. René Van Grieken and Pilar Ortiz - UA- University of Antwerp - Belgium SO 2 + ½ O 2 ↔ SO 3 (after ca. 5 days) SO 3 + H 2 O ↔ H 2 SO 4 = sulphuric acid; main component of “acid rain”

11. SO 2 transforms calcite into gypsum CaCO 3 + SO 2 + H 2 O + O 2 ↔ CaSO 4.2H 2 O which is more soluble (carried away by rain water ; thinning of walls and profiles) and is also more porous and absorbs more: *water (more frost damage) *particles (e.g. soot particles from traffic = blackening). Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. René Van Grieken and Pilar Ortiz - UA- University of Antwerp - Belgium

12. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. René Van Grieken and Pilar Ortiz - UA- University of Antwerp - Belgium

13. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. René Van Grieken and Pilar Ortiz - UA- University of Antwerp - Belgium

14. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. René Van Grieken and Pilar Ortiz - UA- University of Antwerp - Belgium What can be done to reduce SO2 pollution?  Nuclear energy  Alternative energy: solar, wind, geothermal,  ocean thermal gradient…  Save energy  Substitute lignite and coal by diesel and gas  Clean exhaust gases technologically

15. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. René Van Grieken and Pilar Ortiz - UA- University of Antwerp - Belgium Nitrogen Oxides, NO x and Ozone O 3 MAIN SOURCE of NOx = TRAFFIC N 2 + O 2 ↔ 2 NO at elevated temperature (combustion; traffic)‏ 2 NO + O 2 ↔ 2 NO 2 NO emission in the UK

16. 16 Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. René Van Grieken and Pilar Ortiz - UA- University of Antwerp - Belgium Nitrogen Oxides (NO x )

17. Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. René Van Grieken and Pilar Ortiz - UA- University of Antwerp - Belgium Nitrogen Oxides, NO x and Ozone O 3 In summer, or in sunny climates: NO 2 + UV radiation → NO + O (oxygen radical) O 2 (oxygen) + O → O 3 (ozone) Ozone is chemically very agressive. It is bad for human health and vegetation and it destroys organic material very easily: paint, textile, paper, plastics, wood, etc. Also cultural heritage materials!!!!

18. 18 Schematic presentation of a catalyst Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. René Van Grieken and Pilar Ortiz - UA- University of Antwerp - Belgium Remedy for NO x and thus O 3 : Car catalyst

19. Abstract Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. René Van Grieken and Pilar Ortiz - UA- University of Antwerp - Belgium Answer in Module 3 of ELAICH our multiple choice questionnaire about gas pollutant¡¡¡ FOLLOW US!!!!!