1. Developing behavior change techniques targeting cleaning of shared toilets by users in Kampala’s slums, Uganda Innocent K. Tumwebaze, PhD Student – University of Zürich Prof. Hans-Joachim Mosler, Eawag Main Advisor

2. Kampala is the capital city of Uganda & hosts around 188 slums

3. Introduction The Good The Bad The Ugly Why ‘cleaning’ interventions targeting users of shared toilets are important?

4. Research question How can we determine appropriate cleaning behaviour interventions for users of shared toilets in urban slums? Change from bad to good state of shared toilets Cleaning Toilet etiquette

5. Methodology Cross-sectional survey in 50 randomly selected slums in Kampala (N = 1500, n1019 use shared toilets ). Cleanliness key challenge among users. Linear regression to assess shared toilet users’ cleaning intentions.

6. Cleanliness and intention results Cleaning intention Respondents’ perceived toilet cleanliness Variables FrequencyPercentages not at all1.2 a little233.8 medium447.2 strongly24740.6 very strongly29448.3 Total609100.0

7. Mean comparison of factors influencing shared toilet users cleaning intention

8. Behavioural factors influencing cleaning intention

9. Determining intentional factors that steer cleaning behaviour FactorsImprovement reserve (Max - Mean) Intervention potential (IR *B) Habit5-3.99 = 1.011.01*0.33 = 0.33 Importance to use clean toilet9-8.32 = 0.680.68*0.20 = 0.14 Cleaning toilet effortful5-3.90 = 1.11.1*0.18 = 0.20 Talking to other toilet users3-3.47 = 1.531.53*0.15 = 0.23 Disgust to use dirty toilet5-4.69 = 0.310.31*0.12 = 0.04 Ease to keep toilet clean9-5.65 = 3.353.35*0.117 = 0.39 Perceived toilet cleanliness by respondents5-3.45 = 1.551.55*0.079 = 0.12 Process (Source: Mosler et al., 2011. A guide for behaviour change), Eawag  Look at factors frequencies and means  Determine intervention potential by analysing strength of improvement reserve and impact of each factor on cleaning intention

10. Intervention development Behavior change technique FactorsMeasure of cleaning behaviour NormsNormative -Personal norm (importance to use clean toilet) -Expressed demand (Talking to other toilet users) -Anticipated regret -Highlighting norms Infrastructural, skill and ability - Self-efficacy (ease to keep toilet clean) and (Cleaning effortful) - Reattribution of past successes and failures -Guided practice towards good toilet use (children) -Facilitating resources (availability of cleaning items) Mosler et al., 2012

11. Way forward Design and test interventions Assess / evaluate effect of the interventions

12. Acknowledgements NCCR North-South, Eawag/Sandec o Prof. Dr. Hans-Joachim Mosler, Eawag o Prof. Dr. Jonas Klaus, University of Zurich, o Dr. Christoph Lüthi, Eawag o Dr. Niwagaba Charles, Makerere University Email contacts: kamara.innocent@gmail.comkamara.innocent@gmail.com, innocent.kamara@eawag.ch, kamarainnocent.tumwebaze@uzh.ch innocent.kamara@eawag.ch kamarainnocent.tumwebaze@uzh.ch And Hans-joachim.mosler@eawag.ch