2. Basic Features of Civilization P E R S I A Political Organization Economy Religion Society [Social Classes] Innovations [Technology] Art and Architecture

3. Mesopotamia Land Between Two Rivers

4. Crossroads of Three Continents

5. Mesopotamia The Fertile Crescent

7. Sumerians 3000 BCE

8. Sumerian Political Organization Priests with religious and power –Success of crops –irrigation Warrior kings –Defense –Dynasties City-states—Ur Laws Taxes Public Works –Ziggurats –Walled cities

9. Royal Standard of Ur Depicts scenes of war and peace

10. Economy Agriculture –Catastrophic floods Irrigation Canals –Date Palms, grains such as barley and wheat Trade –Traded—grain, cloth, crafted tools –Received—stone, wood, metal

11. Mesopotamian Trade

12. Sumerian Cylinder Seals

13. Religion Polytheistic Goddesses Afterlife Pessimistic

14. Society Social Hierarchy Kings, ruling family and Priests Merchants, scribes, lesser priests Peasant farmers Slaves –Captured in war –Sold self into slavery to pay off debts

15. Sumerian Scribes

16. Innovations Cuneiform Canals, dams, irrigation Mud bricked walls Wheeled vehicles, sail, plow?? Number system based on 60 Arches, columns, ramps Ziggurat

17. Cuneiform Wedge Shaped Writing on Clay Tablets

18. Deciphering Cuneiform

19. Metallurgy Skills

20. Art and Architecture

21. Ziggurats

22. Gilgamesh

23. The World’s First Empire Akkadians Sargon

24. Babylonian –Hammurabi Law Code

25. Hammurabi’s Code STELE

26. Hammurabi the Judge “Eye for an eye” Why are written laws important?

27. Hittites Beginning of Iron Age origin in present day Turkey 1900 BCE-1193 BCE Spoke wheeled chariots Iron Weapons

29. Assyrians –Fierce –One of first world’s libraries Babylonian –Nebuchadnezzar Ishtar Gate Hanging Gardens of Babylon

33. Cyrus the Great 580-529 BCE Tolerant ruler— allowed those within his empire to keep their own institutions Greeks called him “Law Giver” 537 BCE allowed over 40,000 Jews to return to Palestine

34. Darius the Great 526-485 BCE Built Persepolis Extended empire to Indus River—2 million square miles Established tax collecting system Divided empire into satrapies Royal road Postal system Network of spies

35. Persepolis

36. Royal Road

37. Zoroaster “ Zarathustra ” 570 BCE Good vs. Evil Ahura Mazda vs. Ahriman “Good thoughts, good words, good deeds”

38. Extent of Zoroastrianism

39. Trading Peoples Aramaean s

40. Phoenicians

41. –Colonies –Alphabet –Purple Dye

43. Carthage: Phoenicia’s Mightiest Colony

44. Muryx Shell and Purple Dye

46. Byblos—Home of the Alphabet

47. Lydians

48. Israelites Information comes from archaeological digs, Egyptian and Assyrian royal annals, and the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament –not written down until 5 th century BCE –Point of view of priests of the Temple of Jerusalem –Disagreement by historians as to the degree of accuracy

49. 1900 BCE Israelites and Abraham

50. Moses and the Exodus 1200’s BCE Moses leads Israelites out of Egypt Renews covenant with God

51. Route of the Exodus

53. Temple Mount in Jerusalem Today Solomon’s Temple Wall—Wailing Wall

54. Israelites in Captivity

55. Israelites Torah—first five books of the Hebrew Bible approx. 400’s BCE