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Phrenology Wrong!. Outer Surface of Human Brain Gray Matter = Neuron cell bodies & dendrites White Matter = Myelin (=fat)- covered axons Cortex = Outer.

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Presentation on theme: "Phrenology Wrong!. Outer Surface of Human Brain Gray Matter = Neuron cell bodies & dendrites White Matter = Myelin (=fat)- covered axons Cortex = Outer."— Presentation transcript:

1 Phrenology Wrong!

2 Outer Surface of Human Brain

3 Gray Matter = Neuron cell bodies & dendrites White Matter = Myelin (=fat)- covered axons Cortex = Outer layer of gray matter Gyri Sulci Axial Slice through Human Brain Front Back

4 Major Lobes of the Brain

5 Ways to Find Out About Brain Function Most of what we know about the brain comes from brain damage - Damage to specific regions often produces specific deficits - e.g., In the 1800s, Broca observed that damage to the left frontal lobe led to language deficits (aphasia) But we can't get the full story on normal function from damage - Lack of control - Involvement vs responsibility - Compensation & reorganization - This is how it was first discovered that different parts of the brain have different functions

6 Some Regions Involved in Language (Evidence from Brain Damage)

7 Function in the Normal Brain Ways to monitor brain activity non-invasively, as it’s happening Measure: 1. Electrical and magnetic fields generated by neurons - Electroencephalography (EEG, ERP) - Magnetoencephalography (MEG) - Event-related Optical Signal (EROS) 2. Blood flow to active regions - Positron Emission Tomography (PET) - Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) - Other optical methods (Near-Infrared Spectrometry – NIRS) 3. Consequences of temporary disruption (Not so non-invasive!) - Electrical stimulation - Magnetic stimulation (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation - TMS)

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