1. UNIT 4: How Have the Values and Principles Embodied in the Constitution Shaped American Institutions and Practices?

2. PRINCIPLES Popular sovereignty Natural rights Limited government Political equality Rule of law

3. VALUES: Federalist #37 Liberty Energy Stability

4. LIBERTY Demands all power be “dependent on the people” Requires trust in many, not few, hands

5. ENERGY Requires certain duration of power Calls for execution by a “single hand”

6. STABILITY Requires power to continue for a length of time Requires “barrier to the encroachments and oppressions of the representative body” (judicial function) (#78)

7. Consequence... Large representative bodies/committees Single executive Plural administrative agencies Multiple-judge appellate courts

8. Constitutional Challenges “Mingling” liberty, energy, stability in their “due proportions” in national government Marking “proper line of partition” between national and state governments

9. Unit 4: Are liberty, energy and stability “properly mingled” today? Do the legislative, executive and judicial departments control each other through separation of powers/checks & balances? Do the different governments (state and national) control each other?

10. National level Does theory of Federalist #51 work? –Are “interest(s) of the man...connected to the constitutional rights of the place”? Impact of political parties? Presidential “displacement” of Congress? “Imperial” courts? –Has the “extended republic” become too big?

11. Federalism Do state governments provide “security...to the rights of the people”?

12. LibertyEnergyStability Congress President Bureaucracy Courts States