1. SCIENTIFIC EXPLOSIVE DETECTION SYSTEMS (EDS) Based on
GAMMA RESONANCE TECHNOLOGY (GRT)
SCIENTIFIC
Innovations
Inc.
Scientific Innovations Inc.
Joseph H. Brondo, Jr., CEO
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Lucian Wielopolski, PhD.
September 2002
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

2. EDS-GRT Objectives
A Joint Program by
Scientific Innovations, Inc.
Brookhaven National Laboratory
In Collaboration with
Advanced Energy Systems, Inc.
NSNRC
Rapid deployment of resonance technology for detection and imaging of concealed explosives, chemical warfare agents, and dirty and nuclear bombs in shipping containers
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

3. EDS-GRT: Organization
Scientific Innovations Inc.
Liaison With Industry
Principal Patent Holder
Brookhaven National Laboratory
R&D
Accelerator Electronics Targets
System Integration
Advanced Energy Systems Inc.
Engineering, Production
Nuclear Research Center Soreq, Israel
Resonance Detectors, Software
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

4. EDS-GRT System Configuration Patents by Scientific Innovations, Inc.
An accelerator is used to produce protons at a specific energy such that unique resonant gamma rays are generated from impingement on a specific target. The emitted gamma rays pass through a volume of interest and interact resonantly with specific elements of interest so that images of the elemental density are developed from the variation in gamma detection counts. Fluorescence or scattered gammas resonant with the element are also detected simultaneously. Non resonant gamma rays are used to image total density.
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

5. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory
EDS-GRT: Explosives
Name MW C H N O
N (%)
g/cm3
TNT
227.13 7 5 3 6
18.5
1.65
RDX
222.26
38.0
1.83
HMX
296.16 4 8
37.8
1.96
Tetryl
287.15
24.4
1.73
PETN
316.20 12
17.7
1.78 NG
227.09 9
1.59
EGDN
152.10 2
18.4
1.49 AN
80.05 -
35.0
TATP
222.23 18
1.2
DNB
168.11
16.7
1.58
Picric Acid
229.12
18.3
1.76
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

6. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory
EDS-GRT: Explosives
Where:
TNT – 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene
RDX – Hexogen
HMX – Octogen
Tetryl –
PETN – Nitropenta
NG – Nitroglycerin
EGDN – Ethylene glycol dinitrate
AN – Ammonium Nitrate (NH4NO3)
TATP –
DNB – 1,3-Dinitrobenzene
Picric acid -
About 80% of the explosives contain N, those that do not contain N contain Cl. New explosive without N and Cl are rich in C, O.
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

7. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory
EDS-GRT: Other Materials
Name C% H% N% O%
g/cm3
Wool
37.5
4.7
21.9
5.1
1.32
Silk
39.5
5.3
28.8
26.3
1.25
Nylon
63.7
9.7
12.4
14.2
1.14
Orlon
67.9
5.7
26.4
1.16
Melamin
Formaldehyde
43.6
5.5
50.9
1.48
Polyurethane
52.2
7.9
12.2
27.8
1.50
Meats - ~3
1.10
Plants ~1
1.05
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

8. EDS-GRT Advantages In a two dimensional plot simultaneous registration
of the total density and the
nitrogen density separates
the explosives from other
common materials.
This two dimensional Matrix
Provides for fully automatic
identification of explosives
Addition of other elements will provide for a multi- dimensional matrix
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

9. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory
EDS-GRT: Requirements
An ideal EDS system will
1) Detect directly presence of an explosive.
2) Identify the type of explosive.
3) Localize the explosive.
4) Minimize false positives.
5) Operate reliably in the field.
6) Provide high throughput.
7) Would not induce residual activity.
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

10. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory
EDS-GRT: Key Advantages
*High Detection Probability (>90%)
* Low False Alarm Rate (<5%)
*Based on simulations to satisfy FAA requirements
of sensitivity and throughput.
* High Throughput (400 bags/hr/station,
24 LD-3/hr/station)
Specific Sensitivity to Explosives (N, Cl, O)
No Induced Radioactivity
Multi-port feed-through capability
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

11. Explosive Detection Systems (EDS) based on
Gamma Resonance Technology (GRT)
BNL: Lucian Wielopolski, Ph.D.
SII: Joseph Brondo, CEO
Collaborators
AES: Joseph Sredniawski, VP
NSNRC: David Vartsky Ph.D.
September, 2002
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

12. EDS-GRT: Current Location
The System Has Been Located at BNL in
Bldg. 945 9 4 54
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

13. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory
EDS-GRT Accomplishments
1 Operational High Intensity
Resonance Source at Northrop
Grumman Prior to Transfer
to BNL
2 Partial Installation of the Resonance Source at BNL Site For R&D and Testing of Resonance Technology.
3 Specialized Resonance Detectors for Nitrogen, Used in
Proof-of-Principle Demonstration, Were Developed.
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

14. EDS-GRT: Current Technologies
SII PATENTS
BULK ANALYSIS
Trace Analysis
X-Ray
Standard Transmission
Computed Tomography
Backscatter
Dual Energy
Diffraction
Neutrons
Pulsed Fast Neutron Analysis
Neutron Backscatter
Associated Alpha Particle Time of Flight
Thermal Neutron Analysis
Pulsed Fast Thermal Neutron Analysis
Electromagnetic
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance NMR/ESR
Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance NQR
Other Nuclear
Gamma Backscatter
Gamma Transmission
Gamma Resonance Technology
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

15. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory
EDS-GRT: Basic Principles
Gamma Resonance occurs when the energy of a gamma beam is precisely tuned to coincide with a nuclear excitation level in a nucleus of an element of interest.
GRT can be implemented in either absorption
(transmission) or scattering mode.
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

16. Transmission Detectors
EDS-GRT: Basic Configurations
Accelerator
Target
Transmission Detectors
Object
Transmitted
Beam
Protons
A low energy proton beam
hits a dedicated target and
produces resonance gamma
rays. These interact
resonantly with N or Cl
encountered in the explosive.
Monitoring the transmitted
and the scattered beams,
with the transmission and
scattering detectors,
respectively, allows analysis
and imaging of the elements
of interest.
Scattering
Detectors
Scattered
Beam
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

17. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory
EDS-GRT: Transmission
Setup measures simultaneously the
resonantt and non resonant gamma ray flux and can differentiate between the two. The ratio of the two identifies the explosive
At 9.17 MeV gamma ray resonance
attenuation is about four times
higher than the non resonant
radiation.
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

18. EDS-GRT: In a Transmission Mode
Configuration of the gamma resonance
absorptiometry
Resonant Gamma
Fan
Proton Beam
Accelerator
Beam Production Target
Inspected
Object
Detector Array
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

19. EDS-GRT Resonance Principle
Gamma resonance scanning beam from
accelerator based system
Object
Resonant Gamma Fan
Proton Beam
Beam Production Target
Detector Array
Accelerator
SII Patents
Patent 5,040,200
Patent 5,293,414
Patent 6,215,851
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

20. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory
EDS-GRT: Unilateral System
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

21. EDS-GRT Accomplishments
DC Tandem Accelerator Design Specifications
Energy tunable up to ~ 1.9 MeV 
Beam current, ~2 mA, up to ~ 10 mA
Total Emittance ~0.1 pi mm mrad 
Beam spread < 25 keV 
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

22. experimental set-up at Los Alamos inspecting LD-3 air cargo container
EDS-GRT Accomplishments
Two Projection images through an aircraft container loaded with mixed cargo containing six explosives. The nitrogen image clearly identifies the explosives.
Nahal Soreq group
experimental set-up at Los Alamos inspecting LD-3 air cargo container
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

23. EDS-GRT Proof-of-Principle
Proof-of-Principle Demonstrated by Soreq Group Using
Resonance Detectors:
Test Set Up Using Explosive
Simulants (nitrogenous
material) And Other Objects
Total Density Image
Nitrogen Density Image Highlights Explosive Simulants And Makes Lead Brick Transparent
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

24. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory
EDS-GRT Proof-of-Principle
Tissue N ~ 2.7%
Explosive N ~
19% - 30%.
Gammagram
Nitrogram
Nahal Soreq Group Experiment
at McMaster University
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

25. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory
EDS-GRT-Targets
Single Element Targets
Multi-element (layered) Targets
Multi-element (segmented) Targets
Element Detected
Target
Ep (MeV)
σabs
(barns) Eγ
(MeV)
Reaction
14N
13C
1.75
2.6
9.17
13C(p,γ)14N
40Ca
39K
2.04
5.0
10.32
39K(p,γ)40Ca
35Cl
34S
1.89
1.0
8.21
34S(p,γ)35Cl
16O
19F
2.4
6.92
19F(p,α,γ)16O
12C
15N
1.1
4.43
15N(p,α,γ)12C
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

26. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory
EDS-GRT: Targets
Layered Targets
CS2 – Enriched in 13C and 34S for detection of N and Cl.
BN (Boron Nitrate enriched with 13C) 13C; 11B; 15N; with 1.75; 1.1; 0.6; MeV respectively, we can measure N; C; and O, simultaneously.
Composite Targets
At Ep 1.94 MeV, 26Mg & 30Si to detect 14N, 16O, and 35Cl
27Al @ θ~40o MeV 16O
26Mg & 30Si (p,γ) @ θ~117o MeV 35Cl
31P @ θ~86o MeV 14N
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

27. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory
EDS-GRT: Accelerators
The Basic Requirements Are:
Variable Energy In The Range MeV
High Intensity > 3 mA.
Accelerator Types:
DC Tandem Accelerators
Electrostatic (6MeV, 60mA)
Linear RFQ
New Types
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

28. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory
EDS-GRT: Accelerators
800
Beam
Accelerator Tube
Positive Ion Source
2MV Power Supply
High-Voltage
Cable
2000
2500
1200
ECR Ion Source 30 mA p, 1kW
HVC can be 100’ or more from accelerator
2MeV 50mA, 2.5MeV 40mA, 3MeV 30mA
Multiple accelerators with single Power Supply
Dimensions in mm
Power requirements 3Phase, 440 V , 80 KVA
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

29. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory
EDS-GRT: Detectors
Type:
Resonance
LS +N
Non-resonance
HPGe, NaI
BGO, LSO, BaF
Position sensitive
High Z sandwich
Optimization:
Geometry
Number
Configuration
Electronics
Size
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

30. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory
EDS-GRT: Detectors
Pyrex Vessel
20x20x240 mm
2” PM Tube
RT 1.3 ns
Light
Guide
NRLS
Beam t
nsec
50 100 PH p e
Particle Identification
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

31. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory
EDS-GRT: Detectors
NE – 213
Organic Solvent + Primary Solute + Wavelength Shifter
(~90%) (~10%) (~0.5%)
p-xylene naphtalene PPO+POPOP
emiss. ~280nm emiss. ~330nm emiss. ~425 nm
Properties
Density (ρ) 0.9 g/cc
N Content 30% bw
Detector size 5x5x22 cm3
Resonance Attenuation ((γ,p) σR) cm2/g (exp)
Non-Resonance Attenuation (σNR) cm2/g
Macroscopic ΣR = σR%ρ (0.052x0.3x0.9) cm-1
Macroscopic ΣNR =σNR ρ(0.022x0.9) cm-1
ΣT cm-1
εR = (ΣR / ΣT)(1-exp(- ΣTL) = 24%
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

32. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory
EDS-GRT: Detectors
εR = (ΣR / ΣT)(1-exp(- ΣTL) = 24%
For very long detector εR = 41%
For 100% N detector εR = 70%
Photopeak εBGO = 56%
For small differential changes in the attenuation
contrast is more critical than efficiency.
Resonant fraction in an incident gamma flux is about
25%.
Experimentally contrast in a BGO was diluted by a
factor of 3.
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

33. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory
EDS-GRT: Resonance Detectors
Two dimensional pulse distribution
from a resonance detector clearly
separates proton pulses from electron
pulses. Thus distinguishing resonance
gamma radiation from non-resonant.
Proton pulses at 1.5 MeV are
produced in the detector by the inverse
(γ,p) reaction of the resonance radiation
with the N in the detector.
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

34. Building & Monument Security Stadiums & Olympic Events
EDS-GRT Applications
Border Control
Airline Security
Bridges/Tunnels
Building & Monument Security
Power Plant Security
Force Protection
Shipping Ports
Postal Security
Stadiums & Olympic Events
RT-EDIS
Embassies
Railroad Security
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

35. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory
EDS-GRT: Potential Users
Homeland Security
Force Protection (DoD)
• Military Bases
• Counter-terrorism
• Explosives Detection in Vehicles
Warhead/Rocket QC (DoD)
• Crack & Void Detection
• Mixture Quality
• 24% Rejection / Shelf Life
Medical Research
• Neutron Capture Therapy
• Whole Body Composition
Environmental Cleanup (DoD) )
• Unexploded Ordnance Detection
• Mine Field Clearance
US Customs
• Border Control
• Seaports
• Explosives / Drug Detection
in Large Containers
Resonance Technology
Department of Transportation (DoT)
• TSA / FAA
• Explosives Detection in Cargo
• Checked baggage inspection
• Scanning trucks/vehicles/railroad cars
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

36. EDS-GRT LD-3 Container Inspection
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

37. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory
EDS-GRT Airport Luggage
A configuration of a system in an airport feeding simultaneously two inspection stations for bags.
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

38. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory
EDS-GRT Future Plans
To Construct Deployable
Inspection Systems Capable
To Interrogate Small (postage
parcel) And Large (ship
containers) Bulk Materials,
Using High Resolution
Medium Intensity And Low
Resolution High Intensity
Accelerators, Respectively.
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

39. EDS-GRT High Throughput Configuration
A single accelerator module can drive multiple detection modules simultaneously to give high throughputs. This requires a special gamma production target (Patent 6,215,430 and Patent 5,784,430)
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

40. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory
EDS-GRT: Large Cargo Screening
Stacked
Containers
Detectors
Resonance
Gamma
Beam
36’ 8’
18’
Target
21’
Using four ramps may interrogate simultaneously 40 foot container in about 3 to 4 minutes, stacked containers will double the capacity. (Extrapolated from experiments)
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

41. EDS-GRT Time Shared Configuration
Single accelerator
serves multiple
detection stations
Each detection station
can process 1600 bags/hr,
24 LD-3 containers/hr,
4 conveyors simultaneously
High speed mail hubs, checked luggage, containers
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

42. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory
EDS-GRT: Processing Rates
Each target can process about 4x400 bags/hr,
24 LD-3 containers/hr
4 conveyors simultaneously
Interrogate 40 foot container in about 3 to 4 minutes, stacked containers will double the capacity. (Extrapolated from current measurements.)
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

43. EDS-GRT Truck Inspection
Force Protection, Borders, Power Plants, Bridges and Tunnels
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

44. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory
EDS-GRT Advantages
High Detection Probability (>90%)
Low False Alarm Rate (<5%)
High Throughput (1600 bags/hr, 24LD-3/hr, ~3min/truck)/station
Specific Explosive Signature (Chemical elements)
Fully Automated Decision Making
Single Source Can Feed Multiple Inspection
Stations (in parallel or in time share modes)
Suitable for Inspection of Postal Parcels Up To Large Vehicles or Shipping Containers
No Residual Activity
Elemental 3-D Imaging Capability
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

45. EDS-GRT False Alarm versus scan time
Data Based Upon 10 mA of Proton Current and 90% Detection Probability
Thin Sheet High Explosive
100 cm (suitcase)
145 cm (small carousel)
252 cm dia container (LD-3)
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

46. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory
EDS-GRT: Public safety
Accelerator produces low energy x-rays.
Target produces only gamma radiation, no neutrons.
Shielded highly collimated beam.
Dose to image N in human body mrem.
Dose to stowaway will be considerable lower.
Gamma flux is two to three orders of magnitude
lower than for VACIS or CT systems.
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

47. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory
EDS-GRT Path Forward
1. Complete BNL Development and Test Facility (1y)
Complete Facility
Target Development
Detectors Development
System Integration and Testing
2. Setup a Low Rate Production Facility (1-2y)
Set Up Low Rate Production Facility
Production Engineering Design
Production of a Small and Large Cargo Inspection Systems
Field evaluation
3. Establish a High Rate Production Facility (2-3y)
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

48. EDS-GRT: R&D Scientific Innovations
Target
BNL
Project Manager
Scientific Innovations
Detectors
Resonance Detectors
Nahal Soreq
Position Sensitive Detectors TRIUMF
New Detectors
Cl, Ca, LSO
Accelerator
AES
Software BNL/Nahal Soreq
System Integration BNL
SII
SII – Scientific Innovations Inc.
AES – Advanced Energy Systems Inc.
Nahal Soreq – Nuclear Research Center
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

49. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory
EDS-GRT: Time Schedule
Test facility can be ready within a year. 3 9
12 Month 6
LC System
Integration
Documentation
TA Infrastructure
System Engineering
Detectors
Targets
Tandem Accelerator (TA)
Testing &
Evaluation
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

50. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory
EDS-GRT: GRT versus PFNA
Both technologies provide sensitivity and specificity to the elemental
composition of the cargo This is the future way of interogation
GRT is considerable reduced in size. Does not require a separate
building, nor extensive shielding ( requires soft X-ray shielding)
GRT does not activate the cargo nor the building.
GRT does not require building decontamination
GRT price is about one third of that announced for PFNA
GRT data analysis for image reconstruction is similar to that used for
CT image processing with superior spatial resolution
GRT can feed distributed systems simultaneously and is independent
of the cargo content
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

51. EDS-GRT: GRT versus PFNA
GRT has superior penetrability (hydrogenous and densely packed materials with no gray zone)
GRT images in both absorption mode (similar to CT providing true total density and beyond CT providing true elemental density) and fluorescence mode for single sided or detection at a distance (standoff detection)
GRT can image and detect thin sheet explosives
GRT can provide simultaneous detection of multiple elements
GRT provides capability for high throughput with low false alarms
GRT can provide identification of explosive type with elemental discrimination
GRT can provide fully automatic threat detection without operator interpretation of image or data
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

52. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory
SUMMARY
There is a need for new technology to meet future needs of national security.
Proof-of-principle of GRT for explosive detection and imaging has been demonstrated.
Gamma Resonance Technology is a viable method for detection of explosives and other elements in small and large shipping containers.
Life cycle of a unit is 10 to 15 years.
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

53. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory
SUMMARY
4. The proposed EDS-GRT fills deficiencies of current x-ray scanners and other systems in use.
5. Extensive expertise at BNL in nuclear physics, particle accelerators, γ ray detectors and systems integration provide high probability for success.
6. A test facility ready for systems testing and prototype certification can be delivered within a year.
7. A field deployable system can be developed within two years.
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

54. Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory
Next Generation EDS
Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory