1. Genetics The study of heredity Genes are found on chromosomes. Chromosomes are made up of DNA.

2. Alleles: Different forms of a gene. Dominant: If the dominant allele (gene) is present, the organism will show that trait. Recessive: Trait will be exhibited only if organism does not have dominant allele or is pure for recessive trait.

3. Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) An Austrian monk who cultivated and studied garden pea plants. His studies produced the basic concepts of heredity.

4. TraitDominant Allele Recessive Allele Possible Genotype Possible Phenotypes Seed Color G (green)g (yellow)GG Homozygous Gg Heterozygous gg Green Yellow Flower Color P (purple)p (white)PP Homozygous Pp Heterozygous pp Purple white Genotype: The Allele combination, heterozygous (hybrid) or homozygous (gg, GG, or Gg). Phenotype: The physical characteristic displayed (green or yellow).

5. Why Pea Plants? Many observable contrasting traits. Easy to grow. Short time between one generation and the next.

6. Structure of flower

7. Cross Pollination

8. Punnett Square In Pea plants Green pods (G) are dominant over yellow (g) pods. Genotype Phenotype GG homozygous Green Pod Gg heterozygous Green Pod gg Yellow Pod P Cross : GG x gg Possible Gametes : ____ ____ X ____ ____ Gg Green Pod Gg Green Pod Gg Green Pod Gg Green Pod F1 Genotypic ratio: F1 Phenotypic ratio: g GGGG

9. F1 Cross: Gg x Gg Possible Gametes: ____ ____ X ____ ____ F2 Genotypic ratio: F2 Phenotypic ratio:

10. In mice black is dominant over white; B – black, b- white, BB homozygous black, Bb heterozygous black, bb recessive white Cross two heterozygous black mice, Bb x Bb Cross : Bb x Bb Possible Gametes : ____ ____ X ____ ____ Genotypic ratio: Phenotypic ratio:

11. Test Cross Is this back mouse homozygous black BB or heterozygous black Bb? One way to find out is to do a Test Cross. Cross this black mouse with the recessive white bb. BB x bbBb x bb If any of the offspring produced are white or show the recessive trait, then the black mouse had to be heterozygous Bb. If all of the offspring produced are black, you cannot be 100% positive that the black mouse is homozygous BB because the inheritance of a an allele is a 50/50 chance.

12. Monohybrid Cross: Rr x Rr

13. Dihybrid Cross: RrYy x RrYy

14. Dihybrid Cross P Cross: TTRR ( pure tall & round) x ttrr (pure short & wrikled) _____ _____ ______ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ 2 traits; plant height and seed color

15. F1 Cross TtRr (hybrid tall & round) x TtRr (hybrid tall & round) _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

16. F2 Genotype F2 Phenotype

17. Incomplete Dominance RW Pink RW Pink RW Pink RW Pink W RRRR GenotypePhenotype RRRed flower WWWhite flower RWPink flower P Cross: RR x WW F1 Genotype: 100% RW F1 Phenotype: 100% Pink flower

18. Co dominance RW Roan RW Roan RW Roan RW Roan W R RR R GenotypePhenotype RR Red cow WW White cow RWRoan cow P Cross: RR x WW Genotype of F1 offspring: 100% RW Phenotype of F1 offspring: 100% Roan

19. Multiple Alleles Blood Types Allele Antigen on RBC I A A  I B B  i none Genotype Phenotype I A I A homozygous Type A I A i heterozygous Type A I B I B homozygous Type B I B i heterozygous Type B I A I B Type AB i i Type O

20. Crosses Involving Multiple Alleles Cross: a man who is homozygous for blood type A with a woman who is homozygous blood type B. I A I A x I B I B Cross: a man who is heterozygous for blood type A with a woman who is blood type O. I A i x i i I A I B Type AB I A I B Type AB I A I B Type AB I A I B Type AB I A i Type A I A i Type A i i Type O i i Type O I B IA IAIA IA i I A i

22. Sex Determination

23. Sex Linked Traits Traits located on the X chromosome Genotype Phenotype X C X C Normal Female X C X c Carrier Female X c X c Colorblind Female X C YNormal Male X c YColorblind Male Cross: A normal male with a carrier female. XY x X c X X C X c Carrier Female X c Y Colorblind Male X C Normal Female X C Y Normal Male X Y XcXXcX Cross: A colorblind male with a carrier female. X c Y x X c X X c Colorblind Female X c Y Colorblind male X C X c Carrier Female X c Y Normal Male X c Y XcXXcX

25. Human Pedigree Key

26. Human Pedigree Autosomal Recessive

27. Human Pedigree Autosomal Dominant

28. Human Pedigree Sex linked Recessive

30. http://www.zerobio.com/drag_gr11/pedigree/pedigree4.htm

31. Chromosomes

32. Karyotype Female XX Male XY