1. Visual Attraction of Ovitraps for Surveying Field Populations of Aedes Mosquitoes LCDR P. J. Obenauer, MSC, USN

2. Surveillance Surveillance Efficient and Economical Efficient and Economical Control Control Safe / non-toxic Safe / non-toxic Insecticidal ovitrap (Perich et al. 2003) Insecticidal ovitrap (Perich et al. 2003) Sticky ovitrap (Facchinelli et al. 2007, Zhang and Lei 2008) Sticky ovitrap (Facchinelli et al. 2007, Zhang and Lei 2008) Biodegradable lethal ovitrap (Richie et al. 2008) Biodegradable lethal ovitrap (Richie et al. 2008) Aedes Ovitrap Applications

3. Host-Seeking Cues for Aedes Mosquitoes (Brown, A. W. A. 1956) Host-Seeking Cues for Aedes Mosquitoes (Brown, A. W. A. 1956) MoistureMoisture Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide Convective heatConvective heat MovementMovement ContourContour Black and white interfaces = increased attraction by 60%Black and white interfaces = increased attraction by 60% ReflectivityReflectivity Decreases attractivenessDecreases attractiveness Black surfaces attracted 5X as many Ae. aegyptiBlack surfaces attracted 5X as many Ae. aegypti compared to white

4. Use of Visual Cues to Attract Host-Seeking Mosquitoes

6. Factors Influencing Aedes aegypti Oviposition (Fay and Perry 1965) Water Absorptive PropertiesWater Absorptive Properties RoughnessRoughness Color of Test MaterialsColor of Test Materials

7. Aedes aegypti (Fay and Perry 1965) TONGUE DEPRESSER % EGGS White Blotter 13 Brown Blotter 80 Uncovered 2 Brown Bag Paper 5

8. Factors Influencing Aedes triseriatus Oviposition (Wilton 1968) Orientation of container openingOrientation of container opening Texture of wallTexture of wall Optical densityOptical density Color of container wallColor of container wall Presence of decaying organic matterPresence of decaying organic matter Color of container backgroundColor of container background

9. Factors Influencing Oviposition in Aedes triseriatus (Beehler et al. 1992) FACTOR% DYED WATER 89 DECAYING OAK LEAVES 31 DARKENED CONTAINER 47 EGGS ON SUBSTRATE 69 PRESENCE OF LARVAE 41 * Factors in a Fractional Factorial Design Combination

10. Aedes triseriatus (Williams 1962) COLOR TOTAL # of EGGS RED4,606 BROWN4,578 YELLOW 366 366 GREEN4,174 PURPLE4,599 BLUE4,672

11. Aedes triseriatus (Williams 1962) COLOR TOTAL # of EGGS RED4,606 BROWN4,578 YELLOW 366 366 GREEN4,174 PURPLE4,599 BLUE4,672

12. Effect of Color on Selection of Aedes Oviposition Sites (Gubler 1971) ColorBackground Water Color albopictuspolynesiensisalbopictuspolynesiensis Black72.866.570.779.5 Brown19.720.710.88.7 Red11.17.8 Yellow1.30.6 Orange1.10.12 Green2.2 Blue0.81.1 White7.512.8--------

13. Effect of Color on the Selection of Aedes Oviposition Sites (Gubler 1971) Ae. polynesiensis was more influenced by chemical factors in the water compared to visual factorsAe. polynesiensis was more influenced by chemical factors in the water compared to visual factors Ae. albopictus more influenced by visual stimuli than contact chemoreceptionAe. albopictus more influenced by visual stimuli than contact chemoreception No specific color distinction, rather light & darkNo specific color distinction, rather light & dark Colors of a shorter wave length were not attractiveColors of a shorter wave length were not attractive

14. Aedes albopictus Visual Attraction (Yap et al. 1995) Glass jars % of total collected (mean ± SE) Glossy white 4.8 ± 2.0 cd Yellow 11.5 ± 3.1 bcd Green 16.0 ± 2.4 bc Red 22.2 ± 2.1 ab Blue 20.4 ± 7.0 ab Black 24.4 ± 6.1 a Clear (Control) 0.8 ± 0.2 d 0.8 ± 0.2 d

15. Aedes albopictus Visual Attraction (Yap et al. 1995) Glass jars % of total collected (mean ± SE) Glossy white 4.8 ± 2.0 cd Yellow 11.5 ± 3.1 bcd Green 16.0 ± 2.4 bc Red 22.2 ± 2.1 ab Blue 20.4 ± 7.0 ab Black 24.4 ± 6.1 a Clear (Control) 0.8 ± 0.2 d 0.8 ± 0.2 d

16. Response of Host-Seeking Female Ae. aegypti (Sippell and Brown 1953) Increasing contrast = increased attractionIncreasing contrast = increased attraction Black and white interface through a checkerboard patternBlack and white interface through a checkerboard pattern Glossy black was more attractive than flat blackGlossy black was more attractive than flat black

17. What about Oviposition?

18. Site Selection Residential / Suburban areasResidential / Suburban areas Large numbers of Aedes albopictusLarge numbers of Aedes albopictus Shaded areasShaded areas Thick vegetationThick vegetation

19. Materials & Methods Ovitraps = 11 X 9 cm black plastic cupsOvitraps = 11 X 9 cm black plastic cups Substrate = #76 Seed germination paperSubstrate = #76 Seed germination paper 200 ml of 6 d-old Ae. albopictus larval water200 ml of 6 d-old Ae. albopictus larval water Ovitraps secured w/ stakesOvitraps secured w/ stakes Ovitraps cleaned weekly / new water addedOvitraps cleaned weekly / new water added

20. Checkered Checkered Stripe Stripe Orange Orange Blue Blue White White Black Black GO GATORS!!

21. North Florida Field Sites

22. Conducted from July to September 2009Conducted from July to September 2009 6 consecutive weeks (trials)6 consecutive weeks (trials) 54 ovitraps54 ovitraps 6 treatments / site6 treatments / site 3 sites / location (Gainesville, Jacksonville, NAS)3 sites / location (Gainesville, Jacksonville, NAS) Traps set between 0800 and 1100Traps set between 0800 and 1100 Operated for 1 week = 1 trap periodOperated for 1 week = 1 trap period Experimental Design

23. Statistical Analysis Randomized block designRandomized block design Response = # of eggs / ovitrap / weekResponse = # of eggs / ovitrap / week Data transformed with log 10 (n+1) prior to analysisData transformed with log 10 (n+1) prior to analysis PROC GLM, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)PROC GLM, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Multiple mean comparisons of mosquito egg recovered using Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Walsh (REGW) Multiple Range Test ( α = 0.05)Multiple mean comparisons of mosquito egg recovered using Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Walsh (REGW) Multiple Range Test ( α = 0.05)

24. Mean # of Eggs / Ovitrap Results Resultsa ab abc bc abc c * Treatments marked with the same letter are not significantly different α = 0.05, (REGW). N = 54 (F = 4.18, df = 5, 249, P = 0.0012)

25. Conclusions Conclusions Significant differences ( detected among sites and trialSignificant differences ( α = 0.05) detected among sites and trial 4 Species: Aedes albopictus, Ae. triseriatus, Orthopodomyia signifera, Toxorhynchites4 Species: Aedes albopictus, Ae. triseriatus, Orthopodomyia signifera, Toxorhynchites 90% positive for Ae. albopictus90% positive for Ae. albopictus Black colored ovitraps were more attractive compared to stripe or whiteBlack colored ovitraps were more attractive compared to stripe or white

26. Acknowledgements CDR D. F. HoelCDR D. F. Hoel Jacksonville Mosquito Control District (Marah Clark)Jacksonville Mosquito Control District (Marah Clark) Navy Entomology Center of ExcellenceNavy Entomology Center of Excellence Dr. Matt AubuchonDr. Matt Aubuchon Dr. Sandra AllanDr. Sandra Allan Dr. Gerry HogsetteDr. Gerry Hogsette Dr. Don HallDr. Don Hall Dr. Faith & David OiDr. Faith & David Oi