1. Chapter 16 Slavery

2. Cotton Cotton Gin made wide sale need for slaves to produce cotton North and South both prospered Accounted for ½ the exports after 1840 South produced more than half the world’s supply –75% of Britain’s cotton came from America Thus dependant on the SOUTH

3. Slaves ginning cotton The invention of the cotton gin and the spread of cotton agriculture throughout the American south created an enormous new demand for slave workers and changed the nature of their work. A handful of slaves could process large amounts of fiber using the revolutionary new machine, but it took armies of field workers to produce the raw cotton. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

4. Southern Aristocracy Gap between rich and poor even greater –Hampers Education The rich send their children off to school No public school funding –Sense of Feudalism Many sold land to large owners –The Big got Bigger

5. Slave Owners Most people don’t own slaves –¾ of all southern whites –See chart on page 353 Freed blacks –South: 250,000 –North: 250,000 They are not liked since they compete for jobs They won’t educate them South: Liked the individual disliked the race North: Liked the race despised the individual

6. Plantation Life Much of the population came from natural reproduction –Thus they saw it as a form of investment –$2 million in capital (spared dangerous work) Population sucked into the lower south “Black Belt” –S.C., AL, MS, LA, GA Smaller plantations would have to sell off families Denied Education –9 out of 10 illiterate by the end of Civil War South degrading themselves –“Whites could not hold blacks in a ditch without getting down there with them.” ~ Booker T. Washington

7. Torture Mask, woodcut, 1807 The laws of southern states had long stipulated that masters could use whatever means they deemed necessary to prevent slave runaways and insolence. In the early 1800s, some planters adopted this so-called restraining mask to punish slaves. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

8. Nat Turner, artist unknown No pictures of famed slave revolt leader Nat Turner are known to exist, but this nineteenth-century painting illustrates how one artist imagined the appearance of Turner and his fellow conspirators. White southerners lived in terror of scenes such as this and passed severe laws designed to prevent African Americans from ever having such meetings. (Granger Collection) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

9. Nurse and charge Slavery did not prevent white children and their slave nurses from forming attachments to each other. (Valentine Museum, Cook Collection) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

10. Virginia Planter's Family by August Köllner, 1845 As August Köllner's 1845 painting shows, a southern woman was expected to be a loving and subservient wife to her plantation husband, but she was also expected to be a harsh mistress toward her black servants. ("Virginia Planters Family" by A. Kollner, 1845. Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

11. Ye Southern Planter 1838, artist unknown Despite the popular image that antebellum planters lived lives of idle luxury in great mansions, most actually lived in modest homes and worked alongside their employees and slaves, as this 1838 painting by an anonymous artist shows. (Dr. Richard Saloom) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

12. Abolitionism 1 st : Quakers during Revolutionary War 2 nd Great Awakening Theodore Dwight Weld –“Lone Rebels” “American Slavery as it is” William Lloyd Garrison –“The Liberator” Anti Government; Agitator Sojouner Truth –Freed Slave; Lived in NY Fredrick Douglas –Escaped slave from Maryland –Wrote “Narrative of the life of Fredrick Douglas” –Looked to politics to end slavery

13. American Anti-Slavery Almanac, 1840 Northern antislavery propagandists indicted the southern way of life, not just slavery. These illustrations depict the South as a region of lynchings, duels, cockfights, and everyday brawls. Even northerners who opposed the abolition of slavery resolved to keep slaveholders out of the western territories. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

14. Rufus Anson daguerreotype c., 1851 Though not all African Americans supported the idea of transporting free born and liberated slaves to Africa, some leaders agreed with Paul Cuffe that the opportunity should be encouraged. Joseph Jenkins Roberts was one of the estimated twelve thousand people who seized that opportunity. Roberts started a successful export business in the American Colonization Society's colony of Liberia and was elected as that nation's first president when it became an independent republic in 1847. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

15. South’s Reaction Slavery is good Authority of the Bible Saved them from the Jungles of Africa Christianized them Gag Resolution: Anti-slavery appeals tabled without debate Anti- slavery propaganda destroyed at post offices (free speech?)

16. Impact on the North Too economically invested in the south to want to cause too many problems –Could lose $300 million –Didn’t want to be tied to radical abolitionists By 1850 they could see the immorality but still didn’t want it abolished outright just not extended into the territories –They are called “Free-Soilers”