1. Definitions of Translation
Semiotic approach: Translation is language code switching. When translating, we switch from one language to another. Three possibilities of code switching: intralinguistic or rewording; interlanguage translation; intersemiotic translation (R.Jakobson. On Linguistic Aspects of Translation // Proshina, P.13).

2. Communicative Approach
Translation as process
Translation as result
The communicative situation consists of: Source of information Addressee
TEXT

3. Communication in Translation
Source of info Addressee (Receptor)
TRANSLATOR
SOURCE TEXT TARGET TEXT

4. TYPES OF TRANSLATION. Classification Criteria

5. Who does the translation?
1. A human translator
2. Computor translation

6. FORM of SPEECH 1. Written translatrion 2. Sight translation
3. Oral translation (interpreting)
4. Screen translation
5. Dubbing

7. Source Text Perception
1. A translator may SEE the text
2. A translator may HEAR the text

8. Time Lapse between the ST and TT Perception and Translation
1. Consecutive translation
2. Simultaneous translation

9. Number of Languages in Translation Situation
1. One-way translation
2. Two-way translation

10. Direction of Translation
Direct translation, i.e. translation into the mother tongue
Inverse translation or translation into a foreign language

11. Methods of Interpreting
Note-taking interpretation
Phrase-by-phrase interpretation