1. Translation Process (TP)
Lecture Four
Translation Process (TP)

2. Basic translation prodedures
Understanding
Expression

3. Understanding meaning /knowledge /information
feature in form and sound
style
Attitude
spirit /feeling tone；feelings
subject matter
[keynote/undertone/tone , image；characters]

4. Expression brevity clarity natrualness accuracy
translators’ invisibility
readers’ acceptability

5. Liu Miqing’s model of TP
Deep Structure
语义对应
理 解 表 达
Surface Structure Surface Structure
Source Language Receptor language
原语（SL） 译语（TL）

6. Nida’s model of TP analysis of the source text；
transfer from source to target
restructuring in the target language ；
testing of the translated text with persons who represent the intended audience
(Language, Culture and Translating, 1993)

7. Liu Zhongde’s model of TP
Step 1
The translator should read the whole piece of writing carefully, try to grasp the ideological content the author wants to express and make clear not only the literal meaning but also the implications between the lines(read between the lines/false friends)

8. Step 2
Owing to the fact that not all the usages of two languages concerned are alike, there may be the following cases in wording. 1)Sometimes the translator can find expressions which are entirely equivalent to each other. 2)Sometimes he has to change the image. 3)Sometimes the translator will have to make a change in the surface value of some words so that he may get a suitable representation which can express their true implication.

9. Step 3
The translator must have a good grasp of the author’s portrayal of his characters and style of writing. Only thus can he have a reliable basis for his choice of words and making of sentences. Both the choice and arrangements of words and sentences are based on the comparatively satisfactory reproduction of the original images and style. That’s to say, the same words should be rendered in different ways according to the status of characters and style of writing in the original.
(《文学翻译十讲》）

10. Questions and tasks 1)How do you look at translation process?
2)What elements are involved in the process?
3)How do you look at TAPS (think-aloud protocols) in translation process research?
4) Translate passage 6 in the TRANSLATION EXERCISE of the textbook.