1. Kirt C. Butler, Multinational Finance, South-Western College Publishing, 2e 20-1 Chapter 20 Currency Swaps and Swaps Markets 20.1Parallel Loans: Necessity Is the Mother of Invention 20.2Pros and Cons of Parallel Loans 20.3Swaps to the Rescue 20.4Swaps as Portfolios of Forward Contracts 20.5Currency Swaps 20.6Interest Rate Swaps 20.7Other Types of Swaps and Swap Combinations 20.8Hedging the Swap Bank’s Financial Risk Exposure 20.9The Benefits of Swaps to the Multinational Corporation 20.10Summary

2. Kirt C. Butler, Multinational Finance, South-Western College Publishing, 2e 20-2 Parallel loans provide access to new capital markets F Borrow in your local currency and then trade for the debt of a foreign counterparty F Provides access to new capital markets »Legally circumvents taxes on cross-border currency transactions »Provides foreign-source financing for foreign subsidiaries »May lower the firm’s cost of capital

3. Kirt C. Butler, Multinational Finance, South-Western College Publishing, 2e 20-3 The swap contract F Problems with parallel loans »The foreign counterparty may have default risk »Parallel loans must be capitalized on the balance sheet »Search costs can be high F The swap alternative: Package the parallel loans into a single legal agreement called the swap contract »Reduces default risk via the “rights of set-off” »Need not be capitalized on the balance sheet »High volume leads to low costs

4. Kirt C. Butler, Multinational Finance, South-Western College Publishing, 2e 20-4 Swaps (“I’ll pay yours if you pay mine.”) F Currency Swap »An agreement to exchange a principal amount of two currencies and, after a pre-arranged length of time, re-exchange the original principal. »Interest payments are also usually swapped during the life of the contract. F Interest Rate Swap »Same as a currency swap, but in a single currency. »A difference check is paid during the life of the swap. »The notional principal is not usually swapped.

5. Kirt C. Butler, Multinational Finance, South-Western College Publishing, 2e 20-5 Development of the swaps market F 1981 »Salomon Brothers engineers the first currency swap between the World Bank and IBM F Early 1980s »Swaps are customized, low-volume, high-margin deals F Late 1980s and 1990s »Commercial and investment banks begin to serve as swaps dealers »The swaps market turns into a standardized, high- volume, low-margin business »Volume and liquidity grow

6. Kirt C. Butler, Multinational Finance, South-Western College Publishing, 2e 20-6 An example of a currency coupon swap F General Motors (U.S.) »GM has 2-year, fixed-rate dollar debt priced at 6.62% compounded semiannually »GM wants floating rate pound sterling debt F British Petroleum (U.K.) »BP has 2-year, floating-rate pound debt with semiannual payments and priced at LIBOR + 40 bps »BP wants fixed rate dollar debt

7. Kirt C. Butler, Multinational Finance, South-Western College Publishing, 2e 20-7 Currency coupon swaps

8. Kirt C. Butler, Multinational Finance, South-Western College Publishing, 2e 20-8 Currency coupon swaps Indication Pricing Schedule ($/£) MaturityMidrate (in $s) 2 years6.12% sa 3 years6.46% sa 4 years6.59% sa 5 years6.64% sa Deduct 5 bps if the bank is paying a fixed rate. Add 5 bps if the bank is receiving a fixed rate. All quotes are against 6-month LIBOR flat.

9. Kirt C. Butler, Multinational Finance, South-Western College Publishing, 2e 20-9 General Motors’s swap cash flows

10. Kirt C. Butler, Multinational Finance, South-Western College Publishing, 2e 20-10 General Motors’s net cost of funds F General Motors pays 6.62% and receives 6.07% in fixed rate dollar debt for a spread of 55 bps (sa) F General Motors pays LIBOR to the swap bank in pounds sterling F General Motors’s net cost of funds is the pound sterling LIBOR rate plus 55 bps (sa)

11. Kirt C. Butler, Multinational Finance, South-Western College Publishing, 2e 20-11 British Petroleum’s swap cash flows

12. Kirt C. Butler, Multinational Finance, South-Western College Publishing, 2e 20-12 British Petroleum’s net cost of funds F BP pays LIBOR + 40 bps and receives LIBOR on its pound sterling floating rate notes for a spread of 40 basis points F BP pays 6.17% to the swap bank in U.S. dollars  BP’s net cost of funds is $ 6.17% (sa) plus 40 bps  6.57% in bond equivalent yield

13. Kirt C. Butler, Multinational Finance, South-Western College Publishing, 2e 20-13 The swap bank’s cash flows