2. I. What is Culture - all the features of a people’s way of life. 1. Culture Trait- activities and behaviors used by people. 2. Culture Region- an area where people have similar traits. 3. Ethnic Group- human population which shares ancestry and culture traits.

3. A. What causes changes in populations? Migration, war, trade

4. Acculturation individual or group adopts some traits to that is from another culture.

5. Innovation new ideas a cultures accepts. (tattoos, boys with earrings, baggy clothes, showing mid- drifts)

6. Diffusion ideas or innovations spread from one person to another and are adopted.

7. Globalization the process in which connections around the world increase and cultures merge. (internet)

8. Traditionalism Cultures which follow longtime historical practices or ways of life and who sometimes oppose many modern innovations.

9. II. World Language and World Religion A. Language 1. Dialect- regional variety of language. Ex) Texas- “ya’ll” vs. New York-“Yous Guys”

10. 2. Major vs. Minor- almost every country in the world has a major language and many minor languages due to migration and globalization.

11. B. Religion 1. Ethnic Religion- focuses on one ethnic group and generally spreads into culture, Ex) Judiasm, Islam

12. Animist Religion people who believe in the presence of the spirits and the forces of nature. Ex: Voodoo

13. Polytheism belief in many gods

14. Monotheism belief in one god

15. III. Government Autocracy – gov.’t run by a single person who has unlimited powers EX:Totalitarianism - Absolute Power

16. Absolute Monarchy- King or Queen with absolute power

17. Constitutional Monarchy- King or Queen who rules absolutely but must abide to a constitution.

18. Oligarchy- Government run by a few powerful people

19. Democracy- Government run by the people, either directly or through elected officials or representatives.

20. Direct Democracy- citizens participated directly in the decision making process. Representative Democracy- voters elect officials to make decisions in their interests. Republic- political order in which the power lies with the citizens who vote representatives to be responsible for some of the decision making process. Ex: United States

21. Communism- economic and political system in which the government controls and owns all the means of production. Ex) North Korea

22. Socialism- free enterprise system of economy in which the government owns and controls some means of production. Ex) Canada

23. IV. Types of Economies A. Market Economy- economy which the people freely choose what to buy and sell. –Free Enterprise - system which lets competition among businesses determine the price of the product. –Capitalism- business, industry, and resources are privately owned.

24. B. Command Economy- the government decided what to produce, where to make it, and what price to charge. C. Traditional or Subsistence Economy- people who make goods for themselves and sell whatever they have left over

25. D. Four Types of Economic Activities 1. Primary Activity-economic activities that use natural resources directly. Ex: farming, fishing, forestry, herding, mining

26. 2. Secondary Activity- use of raw materials to produce or manufacture something new. Ex) steel making, wheat into flour, lumber into plywood

27. 3. Tertiary Activity- provides a service to people or businesses. Ex) teacher, dry cleaners, grocers

28. 4. Quaternary Activity- requires workers to have a specialized skill or training, Ex) doctor, scientist, engineer

29. V. Measures of a Developed Country A. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)- total value of goods and services which were created or built within a country in one year. B. Gross National Product (GNP)- the total value of goods and services which a country produces each year. C. Industrialization- process by which manufacturing based on machine power becomes widespread in an area.

30. D. Literacy Rates- the percentage of people who can read and write in a country, E. Standards of Living- per capita, education levels, food consumption vs. food production, population, and population predictions.

31. VI. Developed Vs. Developing Countries (formerly called “3rd World Country) A. Developed Country- richest countries in the world, which have high levels of industrialization, standard of livings, GDP, and GNP. Less than 25% of the worlds populations live in these countries. They have a lot of infrastructure- all systems of transportation including, roads, ports, highways, … EX: USA, countries of Western Europe, Canada, Japan, Australia

33. B. Developing Country- worlds poorest countries. Usually are less productive and have low standards of living, literacy rates, GDP, and GNP. Most of the worlds populations live in these countries. These countries usually experience government corruption, high birth rates, high infant mortality rates, high death rates. Ex: Countries of Africa, Asia, Central and South America,the Pacific Islands

35. C. Mid Income Country- Countries who have features of both developed and developing countries. Usually have modern urban areas but poor rural areas, Ex) Mexico, Thailand, Brazil, Malaysia

37. VII. Urban vs. Rural A. Historically 1. Hunter-Gatherers-nomadic people who hunted animals and gathered berries in order to survive.

38. 2. Domestication- the process in which people tame animals

39. 3. Urbanization- the growth of people moving from rural areas to live in urban areas.

40. B. Shifting Cultivation- farmers clear trees or brush for planting fields which are farmed for a few years, until the soil is depleted of its nutrients, and then abandoned.

41. C. Subsistence Agriculture- farmers grow only enough for their own needs.

42. D. World Cities- most important centers of economic power and wealth. Ex) NYC, Tokyo, London

43. VIII. Political Geography A. Three Types of Political Boundaries 1. Natural Boundary-boundaries that follow a feature of the landscape. (mountains, rivers, deserts)

44. 2. Cultural Boundary- borders that are based on cultural traits. Ex) religion or tribal borders

45. 3. Geometric Boundary- borders that are usually follow a straight line without regard to the environment. Ex) US and Canadian border which lies on the 49th parallel and splits rivers, lakes, and mountains.

46. B. Political Conflicts 1. Nationalism- feelings of pride and loyalty for ones own country

47. 2. Terrorism- the use of fear and violence as a political force.

48. C. Political Cooperation 1. United Nations- representatives from almost every county in the world discuss international issues and voice concerns. goal- prevent war

49. 2. World Trade Organization- works to make trade between countries fair and organized.