1. Critical Vocabulary Unit 4

2. Absolute Monarchy A monarchy in which the ruler has absolute power and was thought to be ordained by God (Divine Right).

3. Limited Monarchy A monarchy limited by a constitution and shares power with parliament. AKA Constitutional Monarchy.

4. Renaissance Rebirth of learning and culture in Europe, starting in Italy. Led to a more secular (worldly) outlook as well as the study of humans and their potential, aka Humanism.

5. Reformation 16 th century movement for religious reform started by Martin Luther, who opposed the selling of indulgences (forgiveness), leading to the formation of Protestant Churches that reject the Pope’s authority.

6. Columbian exchange Global transfer of plants, animals, and disease during the colonization of the Americas

7. Commercial Revolution Period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism.

8. Mercantilism An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought. Manufactured goods Raw materials Mother Country Colony Cheap labor

9. Colony A land controlled by a distant nation

10. English Civil War A series of conflicts between Roundheads and Royalists caused by King Charles I desire to be an absolute monarch and his dissolving of Parliament.

11. Glorious Revolution Following the Restoration the Glorious Revolution was a peaceful transfer of power from James II to William and Mary.

12. English Bill of Rights Signed by William and Mary in 1689. Limited the power of the monarch and gave full power to Parliament.

13. Enlightenment Promoted intellectual interchange and opposed intolerance and abuses of the church and state. Figures: John Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire, Thomas Hobbes, and Montesquieu.

14. Sikhism A monotheistic religion made up of Hindu and Muslim beliefs. Founded by Guru Nanak. Characteristic: pursuit of salvation through disciplined, personal meditation on the name and message of God.