2. Romanticism is a movement that emerged as a reaction against neoclassicism, the age preceding the romantic movement

3. oRomantics believe in the natural goodness of humans which is hindered by the urban life of civilization. oRomantics believe that knowledge is gained through intuition rather than deduction. oRomantics stressed the awe of nature in art and language and the experience of sublimity through a connection with nature.

4. oThe characters and setting in Romanticism are set apart from society oRomanticism had static characters, which show no development oCharacterization, work proves the characters are what the narrator has stated or shown oRomanticism displayed the universe as mysterious, irrational, and incomprehensible

5. oRoRomanticism plots are arranged around crisis moments oRoRomanticism plots demonstrate: Romantic love Honor and integrity Idealism of self oSoSupernatural foreshadowing (dreams, visions) oDoDescription provides a "feeling" of the scene

6. oShows gaps in causality oRomanticism has formal language oRomanticism shows good receiving justice, and that nature can also punish or reward oIt has silences of the text, universals rather than learned truths

7. James Fenimore Cooper Margaret Fuller Emily Dickinson Frederick Douglass Ralph Waldo Emerson Walt Whitman Nathaniel Hawthorne Washington Irving Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Herman Melville Edgar Allen Poe Henry David Thoreau

8. Definition William Blake Lord Byron (George Gordan) Samuel Coleridge John Keats Ann Radcliffe Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley Percy Bysshe Shelley

9. oFrontier promised opportunity for expansion, growth, freedom; Europe lacked this element. oSpirit of optimism invoked by the promise of an uncharted frontier. oImmigration brought new cultures and perspectives oGrowth of industry in the north that further polarized the north and the agrarian south. oSearch for new spiritual roots.

10. oHighly imaginative and subjective oEmotional intensity oEscapism oShows the common man as a hero oNature as refuge, source of knowledge, or spirituality

11. By Edgar Allen Poe By Horace Walpole

12. Belief in natural goodness of man, that man in a state of nature would behave well but is hindered by civilization. The figure of the "Noble Savage" is an outgrowth of this idea. Sincerity, spontaneity, and faith in emotion as markers of truth. Belief that what is special in a man is to be valued over what is representativ e; delight in self-analysis.

13. Belief in organicism rather than Neoclassical rules; development of a unique form in each work. Nature as a source of instruction, delight, and nourishment for the soul; return to nature as a source of inspiration and wisdom; celebration of man’s connection with nature; life in nature often contrasted with the unnatural constraints of society. Belief in perfectibility of man; spiritual force immanent not only in nature but in mind of man.

14. Characteristics Focused on limitations and potential destructiveness of human spirit rather than on its possibilities. Many of these writers used allegory in their writings. Allegory is a work of literature in which events, characters, and details of settings have symbolic meaning. Allegory is used to teach or explain moral principals and universal truths.

15. In art, the sublime, the grotesque, the picturesque, and the beautiful with a touch of strangeness all were valued above the Neoclassical principles of order, proportion, and decorum. Interest in the “antique,” or medieval tales and forms, ballads, Norse and Celtic mythology. Affirmation of the values of democracy and the freedom of the individual. High value placed on finding connection with fresh, spontaneous in nature and self. Aspiration after the wonderful, that which transcends mundane limits.

16. Self-Reliance by Ralph Waldo Emerson Civil Disobedience by Henry David Thoreau The Devil and Tom Walker, Rip Van Winkle Tales by Washington Irving The Pit and the Pendulum, The Masque of the Red Death, The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe The Scarlet Letter, The House of the Seven Gables, Doctor Heidegger’s Experiment, Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne

17. oAn impulse toward reform (temperance, women’s rights, abolition of slavery) oA celebration of individualism oA reverence for nature oA concern with the impact of new technology: locomotive oAn idealization of women oA fascination with death and the supernatural

18. The Romantic Movement affected not just literature, but all of the arts from music to painting, from sculpture to architecture. It emphasized the dream, or inner, world of the individual. The use of visionary, fantastic, or drug-induced imagery was prevalent. There was a growing suspicion of the established church, and a turn toward pantheism.

19. Romanticism was often seen as a journey. The journey from the city to the country. The journey from rational thought to imagination. Romantic literature emphasized the individual self and the value of the individual’s experience. Feeling and emotion were viewed as superior to logic and analysis.

20. Realism Logic, always facts to counter fear and doubt Dominion over the Native Americans Patrician Classicism Idealism or Utopia Imagination to encourage hope Recognition of the nobility of the primitive Glorification of the common man