1. Royal Power and Conflict City-states were replaced with nations Most rulers ruled under an absolutist government – Group or individual ruling has total power Divine Right – They were selected to rule from God Centralized rule helped unify people

2. Spain: Philip II Ruled from 1556–1598 Goal was to spread Catholicism – Got Spain involved in several wars Unrest – Ferdinand and Isabella unified Spain Failed to unify laws – Philip II made Madrid the capital Religious Policy – Supported inquisition – Dutch Protestants rebelled England helped them win independence

3. Spain: Philip II Spanish Armada – Phillip supported Elizabeth I until she aided the Dutch – Decided to invade England 1588 sent Armada to England England sunk the Armada Last of the Hapsburgs – Philip II’s decedents were ill-equipped to handle problems

4. England: Tudors Henry VII – fist Tudor king – Rebuilt English commercial prosperity Henry VIII – Fought wars, made England a great naval power – Had six marriages Edward VI – 9 when he became king, and he died shortly Mary I – Became queen, brought back Catholicism

5. England: Elizabeth I Her reign was a great cultural period – Theater flourished Refused to marry – Didn’t want to give up her powers Government – Passed legislation – Justices of the Peace enforced the laws

6. England: Elizabeth I Social and Economic Policy – Three classes Queen and her court Gentry, merchants, lawyers, and clergy Yeomen – Laws regulated the lives of people – Elizabeth tried to get the monarchy out of debt Costs of war, mounting inflation

7. England: Elizabeth I Foreign Policy – Continued to build a strong navy – Fought to maintain a balance of power Keep any one nation from becoming too powerful – Sought to make Scotland and Ireland an ally So they could not ally with the Spanish