1. Session 4: Renaissance and Religious Turmoil
The Catholic Counter-Reformation

2. Lesson Objectives
Analyze the goals and reforms of the Catholic Counter-Reformation.
Identify the characteristics of the Jesuits and their support of the Catholic Counter-Reformation.
Explain how the Habsburg family supported the Catholic Church and their role in the Spanish Armada and 30 Years War.
Explain the legacy of the Reformation and how it affected the European continent.

3. The Catholic Reformation
Much of Europe remained under Catholic control, however much of northern Europe was lost to the Protestant Reformation.
Pope Paul III commissioned a council to meet to devise means of reforming the Catholic Church.
The Council of Trent met from 1545 to 1563 and levied the following reforms.
The Inquisition would try and judge heretics and reestablish the Pope’s control
The Church held the only true interpretation of the Bible, and salvation required more than faith.
Forbade the selling of indulgences
Clergy must follow strict rules of behavior
A renewal of religious enthusiasm in the arts and music called baroque.

4. The Jesuits
The Catholic Church sought to halt Protestantism in two phases, reform and then to launch a missionary offensive to reclaim Protestant territory.
One such missionary, Ignatius of Loyola founded the Society of Jesus, later known as the Jesuits to win souls by education instead of the sword.
Pledging absolute obedience to the pope, the Jesuits preached to the people, helped the poor, worked as missionaries and opened colleges and universities throughout the world.

5. Habsburgs: Guardians of Catholicism
A royal family who for years had been the line of succession for Holy Roman Emperor and had influences throughout Europe, took on the primary role of defeating Protestantism.
The Habsburgs of Spain (King Phillip II) had sought to invade Protestant England. The Spanish Armada, however, was defeated by the English in 1588.
The Habsburgs of Austria, attempted to defeat the Protestant princes of Germany in an ongoing series of battles from known as the 30 Years War. Influenced much of Central Europe to remain Catholic.

6. Legacy of the Reformation
With the signing of the Peace of Westphalia at the conclusion of the 30 Years War, Protestant religions were now recognized.
Although wars of religion had ended, new emerging national powers (England, France, Spain, Habsburg Austria, etc.) fought many wars in which religion was an underlying cause.
The new religions of the Reformation also created a large population of religious dissidents many of which were persecuted and sought refuge in new lands.

7. Check for Understanding
What were the goals of the Catholic Counter-Reformation, did they actually reform?
Who were the Jesuits? How did they support the Counter-Reformation?
How did the Habsburg act as protectors of the Catholic Church? Were they successful?
What was the Peace of Westphalia? What was the legacy of the Reformation?

8. Next Class TEST: Renaissance and Religious Turmoil
Monday: UNIT 2: Asian and American Empires