1. Prof. Jackeline Martinez Rodriguez Universidad del Turabo Decanato de Educación General English Department Gurabo, Puerto Rico

2. Open Reading

3. Explore  Writing often begins with thinking, talking, and reading about a topic.  When we read about the topic, we have a conversation with experts in the field.  We learn about issues involved, vocabulary used, and we develop an our own opinions about the topic.

4. Explore Cont…  When we write our own paper, we use some of these ideas from the sources as evidence to support the points we want to make.

5. Open Reading Explore your theme quickly Develop an understanding of your topic DO NOT need to memorize information

6. Three Open-Reading Techniques Skim the article Read the first and last paragraph. Look for subtitles or key words. Read the entire article. Write questions and comments in the margins Note words, examples, or explanations that you do not understand; write your personal reaction. Focus on ideas that interest you Highlight sections that capture your attention and relate to your experience.

7. Paraphrasing

8. Paraphrase You can also paraphrase in writing Repeating the author’s ideas in your own words shows that you truly comprehend the original idea. You can paraphrase orally TV announcer say, “There is an 80% chance of rain tomorrow.” You can paraphrase by saying, “It will probably rain tomorrow.” Paraphrase Restatement of another person’s ideas using your own words.

9. Three Criteria for a Paraphrase A good paraphrase has the same meaning as the original. A good paraphrase is different enough from the original to be considered your own writing (use no more than 4-5 words of the original). A good paraphrase refers directly to (or cites) the original source (Include the name of the author(s) of the original).

10. Paraphrase Example # 1  A medical abortion is one that is brought about by taking medications that will end a pregnancy. The alternative is surgical abortion, which ends a pregnancy by emptying the uterus (or womb) with special instruments. Either of two medications, mifepristone or methotrexate, can be used for medical abortion. Each of these medications is taken together with another medication, misoprostol, to induce an abortion.  National Abortion Federation  2011  http://www.prochoice.org/about_abortion/facts/medi cal_abortion.html

11. Paraphrase Example # 1  According to the National Abortion Federation (2011), an abortion can be performed by using certain medications or through a surgical procedure that will terminate a pregnancy (National Abortion Federation, 2011).

12. Paraphrase Example # 2  Read the two examples on page 7.  One of the paraphrases is well done; but, the other one is not.  Explain what is the problem.

13. Two Techniques for Paraphrasing

14. Technique 1: Tell-A-Friend  Read the original and concentrate on what it means.  Cover the original so that you cannot see it.  Imagine you are talking to a good friend. How would you explain this idea to your friend? Write down your explanation.  Go back and read the original again to see if it means the same as your paraphrase.

15. Paraphrasing Techniques  Choose a proverb from below and use the Tell a Friend method to write a paraphrase for it.  Example:  Don’t cry over spilled milk.  Paraphrase: When something bad happens that you cant control, it doesn’t help to get upset.  Additional Practice on page 8: Select a proverb and paraphrase it.

16. Technique 2: Chunking Method  1- Read the original passage several times to develop a basic understanding of the ideas.  2- Divide the passage into chunks by underlining the main ideas. As you divide the passage, focus on phrases rather than on individual words.

17. Technique 2: Chunking Method  3- Explain each chunk using your own words.  4- Combine these explanations into one or more sentences to create a paraphrase. As you combine these chunks, you will need to think about how the ideas are related to each other. It is okay to rearrange these chunks into a new order for your paraphrase.

18. Example: Chunking  Chunking Method Example: Paraphrase Original: Countries are likely to indulge in romance if they are wealthy and value individualism over the community. –Levine, Robert, “Is Love a Luxury?” 1993 Paraphrase: Countries that are rich and value individualism are more likely to believe in romantic love (Levine, 1993) Practice exercise on page 10-13.