1. The International Legal Environment
Cateora and Graham
Chapter 7

2. Agenda Bases for Legal Systems
Jurisdiction in International Legal Disputes
Dispute Resolution
Protecting Intellectual Property Rights
Commercial Law within Countries
US Laws Applicability Abroad
Law Regarding the Internet

3. Bases of Legal Systems
There are four primary basis of legal systems across the world:
Common Law
Civil or Code Law
Islamic Law
Marxist-Socialists Law

4. Common Law
Common law is based on tradition, past practices, and legal precedents set by interpretations of statutes, legal legislation, and past rulings.
Found in US, England, Canada, etc.
Common law has a premise that the rules are incomplete and tries to establish rules on currently existing laws that relate to approximately the same issues.

5. Code Law
Code law is considered an all inclusive system of written laws which can be broken up into commercial, civil, and criminal.
Tends to be in Germany, Japan, and France.
Code law leaves room for a broad set of interpretations of the rules.

6. Major Differences in Common Versus Code Law
In common law, ownership is usually established by use, where as in code law, ownership is established under registration.
Under common law, only forces of nature are reasons for not complying with the fulfillment of a contract, whereas in code law, unforeseeable events are enough.

7. Islamic Law Islamic law is based on the interpretation of the Koran.
It encompasses both religious and secular aspects as to how a human may act.
Understanding Islamic law means understanding both the intent of the writers of the Koran, as well as, the interpretation by the locals that are using the law.

8. Marxist-Socialist Laws
Since the fall of the Soviet Union, many of the laws that existed in those respective countries have had to change with the time.
Many of the laws are still being written which can imply an unstable legal system?

9. Legal Questions
What is the basis of Law in the country that you want to do business?
How will that law affect your ability to market in that country?
How stable are the laws in the foreign country?

10. Jurisdiction in International Legal Disputes
Since there is no official set of international laws, legal jurisdiction can be difficult to determine in an international business deal.
The international marketer must take care in developing contracts so legal jurisdiction is unambiguous.

11. Jurisdictional Determination
Jurisdiction is usually determined by one of the following:
Jurisdictional clauses in the contract
Where the contract was enter into
Where the provisions of the contract are performed

12. Jurisdictional Questions
Has the contracts written specify where the jurisdiction is for any legal disputes?
Where would be the most likely jurisdiction of a dispute if it was not written in the contract?

13. Dispute Resolution Resolve the Dispute Informally Conciliation
Arbitration
Litigation

14. Resolving the Dispute Informally
When a problem arises between you and another party over a commercial transaction, your first option is to informally resolve it.
This may be the cheapest form of dealing with a dispute.

15. Conciliation
This is when the disputing parties bring in a third party to mediate the issue without entering into a binding agreement.
Conciliation sessions tend to be private and confidential and what is said in them cannot be used later in other legal recourses.

16. Conciliation Cont.
Conciliation is usually one of the cheapest ways of handling a dispute.
Some countries, such as China, would prefer to use conciliation over other forms of dealing with disagreements or issues.

17. Arbitration
Arbitration is a more formal version of conciliation and tends to be the next step if conciliation does not work.
In arbitration both parties agree on binding themselves to the decision of a disinterested arbitrator(s) which referee the discussion and make judgment based on the merits of the case.

18. Arbitration Cont.
There are many formal arbitrators in the global market.
The Inter-American Commercial Arbitration Commission
The London Court of Arbitration
The International Chamber of Commerce
It is usually advantageous to write a clause in the contract that says you will try arbitration before litigation.

19. Litigation Litigation is when you take an issue to a public court.
It tends to be very expensive and time consuming.
Litigation should be the last thing you try to get resolution of an issue.

20. Deterrents to Litigation
Creating a poor image that damages your public relations
Unfair treatment in foreign court
Greater difficulty of collecting a judgment
High cost and time required
Loss of confidentiality

21. Protecting Intellectual Property Rights
Intellectual property rights are the tangibles and intangibles that this business owns that come from research and development of a product or name.
A marketer must be vigilant as to how to protect their property rights.

22. Inadequate Protection
The marketer should not assume that because they have the intellectual property rights in one country they have the rights in all countries.
Inadequate protection can cause you to have to buy back the rights to your intellectual property in other countries.

23. Prior Use Versus Registration
In some countries, i.e., common law countries, intellectual property rights are given to the person who first used it.
In many code-law countries, property rights are developed when the product is registered with the government.

24. Property Rights Question
What steps can you take to secure the intellectual property rights for the product that you are marketing in a foreign country?

25. Commercial Laws Within Countries
The different legal systems and interpretations in the legal systems may be widely different across countries.
This implies that the marketer must understand the marketing laws, green legislation, and antitrust laws within each country.

26. US Laws Applicability Abroad
Even though some marketing practices may be legal in foreign countries, you may still be bound by the laws of your country.
The marketer must know the laws of the US that bound their marketing practices.

27. US Laws Applicability Abroad
US laws dictate that marketers:
Cannot be involved in bribery
Cannot sell products the US deems related to national security
Cannot become a monopoly oversees that causes less price competition for the US
Cannot participate in foreign boycotts

28. US Laws Applicability Abroad Question
What US laws are going to have an effect on the marketing of your products?

29. Cyberlaw
Since the internet is so new and it crosses international boundaries easily, many of the laws related to it are not finished in many countries.
It is important that the marketer understand the particular laws that do apply.
The two biggest issues are:
Taxes
Jurisdiction of disputes and validity of contracts