2. What is online learner participation? A literature review Author: Stefan Hrastinski Source: Computers & Education 51 (2008) 1755 – 1765 Speaker: Cheng-Yee Lee

3. Introduction  Participation is an important part in e-learning Even in traditional environment teacher also promote student asking questions in class  There are a lot of researcher putting effort to this topic

4. Introdutcion  But when they analyze the effect of participation to learning, their definition vary.  This paper conducts a survey of online-participation, investigate their definition and counting measure.

5. Method of Survey  Use ERIC database  Use “ participation ” or “ participate ” as title key word 2253 papers are found 31 papers are written after 1996

6. Definition of participation  Clustering them into 6 levels

7. Measurement of participation

8. Conclusion  Online learner participation is a process of learning by taking part and maintaining relations with others.  It is a complex process comprising doing, communicating, thinking, feeling and belonging, which occurs both online and offline