1. a Brig. Gen. Zakariyya Mansoor Commandant Coast Guard Republic of Maldives Maldives: Role of a Small State in the Dynamic Indian Ocean.

2. Contents Introduction Geo-strategic importance of Indian Ocean Threats or Challenges to the Regional Maritime Security Maritime Terrorism Piracy Smuggling and Human Trafficking Drugs and Arms trafficking Pollution, Natural Disasters and fishing Disputes How to mitigate the threats Conclusion

3. Introduction Indian Ocean homes the worlds most important SLOC’s (Straight of Harmose, Straight of Malacca) Almost half of global trade and one third of oil trade passes through Indian Ocean. Home to almost three fourth of World’s known Oil and one third of Gas reserve. Home to the world fastest growing economies. Most dynamic and ethnically diverse region in the world.

4. Introduction We are here! COASTLINE: 644 Km 644 Km SEA AREA 974,000 SqKm 974,000 SqKm AREA WITHIN ATOLLS (incl. land, reefs & water) 21,318 SqKm 21,318 SqKmISLANDS1192

5. Geo-strategic Importance of Indian Ocean Indian Ocean has become the most critical water way in the world over the last 20 years. It will continue to be a most dynamic and most strategically most important ocean on Earth considering both, traditional and non- traditional security issues. Presence of merchant sea routes and SLOC’s  50% of world containerized cargo  67% of world crude oil cargo

6. Indian Ocean- a hub of Global Trade Maldives

7. Threats or Challenges to the Regional Maritime Security Maritime Terrorism Piracy Smuggling and Human Trafficking Drugs and Arms trafficking Pollution, Natural Disasters and fishing Disputes

8. Maritime Terrorism Abu Sayaf Group – introduced maritime terrorism in Phillipines  One terrorist group that has developed a capability to wage maritime terrorism in Southeast Asia.  Financial ties with Al-Qa'ida.  Little is known about its organizational structure, strategy, tactics, or maritime terrorist capabilities.  Shifted to other Asian nations in late 90’s

9. Maritime Terrorism South Asia has seen one of most lethal maritime terrorist group (LTTE) in the world. Maritime Terrorism - Over the last two decades they have destroyed more ships and killed more people than any other terrorist organization Abu-Sayaf and Other Affliates continues to terrorize relative unguarded and vulnerable sea routes Far East Indian Ocean. Laskaree Thaiba and other Extremist groups in Western Indian Ocean have started launching sea borne attacks. Arabian Sea and West Coast of Indian Ocean continues to terrorize merchant marriners regardles of size or nationality.

10. Indian Ocean Al Qaeda in Yemen and Somalia, both of which have a large number of seafarers whom they could utilize for maritime terrorist attacks.

11. Sri Lanka LTTE Black Sea Tigers

12. India Mumbai attack  Attack was launched via sea coordinated between Laskar-E-Thaiba and Abu Sayaf Group

13. Attack on USS Cole

14. Piracy in the Indian Ocean has always been one of the greatest threats to maritime trade. African Coast + Middle East Piracy continues to rise off Somalia waters and the Gulf of Eden. The turbulence in Middle east and the presence of failed states in Eastern nations of the African coast has increased the criminal activities in the Indian ocean

15. Incident from Jan 2009 to Jan 2010

16. Annual patterns of piracy activity

17. Actual & attempt 2004 to 2009* Locations200420052006200720082009 Malacca Strait201211722 Bangladesh92147151217 India815511 9 Gulf of Eden410 1392116 Somalia13510311980 Attempt by firing & ended in hijacking the vessel and crew held hostage. Pirates use of fire arms increased ( at 2004 – knifes)

18. Type of Vessels

19. Violence Factor

20. Type of Injuries inflicted

21. Global Piracy View

22. Regional Piracy View Maldives Date: Sun Apr 18 2010 Vessel: Fishing Vessel Status: Hijacked Date: Wed Apr 21 2010 Vessel: Bulk Carrier Status: Fired upon Date: Fri Mar 12 2010 Vessel: Container Status: Fired upon Date: Sun Apr 04 2010 Vessel: Crude Tanker Status: Hijacked Date: Tue Mar 23 2010 Vessel: Bulk Carrier Status: Hijacked Date: Fri May 21 2010 Vessel: Crude Tanker Status: Attempted Date: Sun Apr 18 2010 Vessel: Crude Tanker Status: Fired upon Date: Mon May 10 2010 Vessel: Bulk Carrier Status: Fired upon Date: Wed Mar 31 2010 Vessel: Container Status: Fired upon Date: Thu May 06 2010 Vessel: Fishing Vessel Status: Hijacked Date: Thu May 20 2010 Vessel: Bulk Carrier Status: Fired Upon

23. Closest Incidents Maldives

24. Spread of Somalia piracy

25. Smuggling and Human Trafficking An increasing number of smuggling operations are taking place in the region. The amount job less population has led to an increasing human trafficking for both cheap labor and sex trade in the region. This has created a nuisance of social upheaval, crime and health security problems. Pirated and cheap goods smuggled over the borders are harming the prospering economies of the region.

26. Drugs and Arms Trafficking Indian Ocean is home to the Majority of drugs produced both at Golden Cresent and Golden Triangle. Drugs trafficking has been the most lucrative bussiness of making quick money to various terrorist and criminal rings in the region. Simultaneously the large amount of criminal organizations are continuing to traffic and trade arms to support their operations in the region.

27. Pollution, Natural Disasters and fishing Disputes Has been the home of most lethal maritime natural disasters of the world. - Tsunami of 2004 - Regular Cyclones - Oil spills - IUU fishing

28. Maldives – a small island nation in the middle of Indian Ocean Maldives is a 1192 island nation, with roughly 320,000 people. Though we do not have any political or territorial disputes with any nation and have been the most peaceful nation in the region we are not immune to the regional threats. Maldives is a nation with 99.74% water by territory and 99.97% water when including EEZ As a maritime nation in the most dangerous water of the globe, a dynamic maritime picture is vital for her national security.

29. Maldives Soft immigration / emigration control. A highly attractive tourist destination. Very tolerant 100 percent Muslim Community.

30. Attack on Maldives  1988 November attack via sea

31. Drug Smuggling 23 rd April 2006 - Large stack of narcotics  More than 1.6 ton of narcotics packed and hidden in a lagoon.  Street value of more than 260 million US$.

32. Gun Running  16-17 th May 2007 - A vessel Sri Krishna attack local vessel  Carrying arms, cargo intended for LTTE

33. Terror Attack  2007 Sept Sultan Park IED.  Carried out by Maldivians with Extremist views.

34. Extremist Uprising Oct 2007 Himandhoo: Scuffle between Security Forces and Extremist Islamists on the island

35. Suspected Pirates  Since 1 st December to-date  4 Skiffs and 27 suspected Somali pirates in MPS custody  Foreign ministry trying to extradite them back  CG assisted a distressed Iranian vessel of whom the crew held 7 suspected Somali pirated in 16 May 2010  The last Skiff located on July 3, 2010 with 2 suspected Somali pirates  No weapons recovered

36. Piracy landings? 1 st December 2009 - Small boat with 7 Somalis'

37. 18 th December 2009 - Small boat with 5 Somalis' Piracy landings?

38. Maldives 17 th May 2010 - Iranian Boat NOT ACTUAL VESSEL

39. Maldives 31 st May 2010 - Small boat found near Makunudhoo

40. Pirates or Fishermen?

41. Expenses

42. Vulnerabilities  Tourism industry  Numerous resorts dispersed throughout the country  Necessity of enforcement of a Security plan

43.  High value Assets  Port facilities  Oil facilities  Visiting PL/warships/research ships  Need to establish a ‘Ship Security System’ Vulnerabilities

44.  SLOCs and ISLs  Tracking of local and ‘innocent passage’ vessels.  Prevention of terrorist using Maldives as ‘Hub’.  Ensuring Maldives is not a safe haven to terrorist

45. Vulnerabilities  Environment and Economy  Maritime commerce is high  Sabotage of tankers  Proposed oil bunkering facility up North

46. Actions being Taken  Coastal Surveillance Radar installation  LRIT establishment  VMS on fishing vessels  Information Sharing Network among the nations of Djibouti Code of Conduct  Joint Maritime Surface and Aerial surveillance patrols  Establishment of CG listening posts

47. CSR Project The Coastal Surveillance Radar project will be carried out in 3 separate phases Phase 1 January 2010 Phase 2 December 2010 Phase 3 End of 2011

48. Ha.Uligamu Sh.funadhoo K.Kashidhoo K.dhifushi Aa.Malhos M.Raimandhoo Dh.Kudahuvadhoo L.Kadhoo Ga.Kolamaafushi S.Gan COASTAL SURVEILLANCE RADAR PROJECT

49. Threats and challenges PiracyMaritime terrorism Marine pollution Gun Running Narco terrorism Human trafficking Illegal fishing Religious extremism Political volatility XXXX Trained personnel XXXX Equipment XXXX Infrastructure X legislature XXXXXX Assets XXXXX Coordination of agencies XXXXXX Sea area XXXXXX Geographical dispersion XXX Link with International maritime intelligence XXXXX Public Awareness XXX

50. Conclusion How to mitigate the threats ‘Lean & Agile’ systematic coordination, collaboration and networking between intra-national, international & regional stakeholders. Information sharing and harmonizing asset utilization for the common threats at regional level. Large states could adopt MoU’s within concerning agencies of the nation. Smaller states could adopt greater coordination with hotlines. The ‘Shri Krishna Case’ helped Sri Lankan Government in time of need of such information. Sharing of intelligence with regional institutes. Suspected Piracy cases in Maldives was shared within regional and international concerning agencies

51. THANK YOU