1. Circulation

2. Invertebrates: Gastrovascular cavity or circulatory system

3. Circulation

4. Gastrovascular Cavity

5. Circulation Open Circulatory System

6. Circulation Open Circulatory System

7. Circulation Closed Circulatory System

8. Circulation

11. Some vocabulary: atrium ventricle aorta superior vena cava inferior vena cava pulmonary artery septum semilunar valves SA node AV node sytole diastole stroke volume heart murmur lymph

12. What’s in blood? Plasma: Mostly water Ions (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, CO 3 ) Proteins Food & waste Gasses hormones Cellular elements: Red blood cells (transport) White blood cells (immune) Platelets (clotting).

13. Clotting: 1.Platelets adhere to collagen fibers in damaged tissue 2.Platelets for a plug 3.Platelets release clotting factors 4.Clotting factors turn prothrombin into thrombin 5.Thrombin turns fibrinogen into fibrin 6.Fibrin reinforces clot

14. Clotting: platelets

15. Clotting: platelets

16. Clotting: 1.Platelets adhere to collagen fibers in damaged tissue.

17. Clotting: 2.Platelets form a temporary plug.

18. Clotting: 3.Platelets release clotting factor

19. Clotting: 3.Platelets release clotting factor 4.Clotting factor turns prothrombin into thrombin

20. Clotting: 3.Platelets release clotting factor 4.Clotting factor turns prothrombin into thrombin 5.Thrombin turns fibrinogen into fibrin

21. Clotting: 6.Fibrin reinforces the clot

22. Diseases of the Circulatory System: atherosclerosis (narrowing) arteriosclerosis (hardening) hypertension (high blood pressure) HDL & LDL (good & bad cholesterol) heart attack stroke hemophilia.

23. A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange Oxygen flows down a concentration gradient from water or air into blood.

24. A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange Oxygen flows down a concentration gradient from water or air into blood. Seawater Fish Blood

25. A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange Oxygen flows down a concentration gradient from water or air into blood. 100 % saturation 10 % saturation

26. A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange Oxygen flows down a concentration gradient from water or air into blood. 100 % saturation 10 % saturation

27. A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange Water flows over the gills Blood flows through the gills 100 % saturation 10 % saturation

28. A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange Gas exchange stops when the saturation levels equalize. 100% 80% 60% 55% 55% 10% 30% 50% 55% 55%

29. A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange But when blood flows the opposite way from water… 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 90% 70% 50% 30% 10%

30. A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange The concentration gradient is maintained along the entire length. 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 90% 70% 50% 30% 10%

31. A Few Facts About Respiration: Ventilation of the Lungs Mammals use negative pressure Amphibians use positive pressure Birds breathe through hollow bones as well as through lungs.

32. A Few Facts About Respiration: Hemoglobin Efficient carrier of oxygen Our contains iron; mollusks’ contains copper

33. A Few Facts About Respiration: Hemoglobin and pH (The Bohr Shift)